https://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sigrist%40uio.no&feedformat=atomhf/iakh/sarc - User contributions [en]2024-03-19T01:41:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.4https://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=135Main Page2010-03-16T14:03:49Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>[[Image:SARCfront - test.jpg]] <br />
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English page - under construction <br />
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The Stone Age Reference Collection (SARC) has been developed for the teaching department of the Institute of Archaeology, History and Conservation (IAKH) at the University of Oslo, Norway. <br />
<br />
SARC is a reference program containing information about the '''typology'','''''<b>technology, raw </b>'''materials''' and '''study methods''' of the stone age. <br />
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It is available in English and [[:no:Hovedside|<span style="text-decoration: underline">Norwegian</span>]]. <br />
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<br><br />
<br />
== Typology ==<br />
<br />
''Main article: [[:Typology|Typology]].'' <br />
<blockquote>"Science of classifying stone tools by form, techniques and technological traits. Must include duplication of the technique by first observing the intentional form, then reconstructing or replicating the tool in the exact order of the aboriginal workman. Shows elements of culture. Typology cannot be based on function." (Crabtree 1982:57<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flint working. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History, Number 28. Second Edition. Pocatello, Idaho.</ref>) <br><br></blockquote><br />
== Technology ==<br />
<br />
''Main article: ''[[:Technology|''Technology'']]''.'' <br />
<blockquote>"Technology: The study of techniques. Science of studying and interpreting the combined or distinct attributes of individual techniques. Implies a systematic control of minute and distinguishable detail" (Crabtree 1982:50<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flint working. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History, Number 28. Second Edition. Pocatello, Idaho.</ref>). </blockquote><br />
Using the technological approach, <br />
<blockquote>"lithic artifact are no longer exclusively considered as more or less ´characteristic´ objects to be described and classified. Instead these artifacts are also seen as evidence of human behavior in its technical, economic, and even social dimensions. Thus, the technological approach...overcomes...the classic dilemma of "culture versus function" posed by each tool" (Pelegrin 1990:116<ref name="Pelegrin 1990">Pelegrin, Jacques 1990 Prehistoric Lithic Technology: Some Aspects of Research. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 9(1).</ref>). </blockquote><br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== Raw materials ==<br />
<br />
''Main article: [[:Raw materials|Raw materials]].'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Raw materials cover the minerals and rocks that were utilized to produce tools during the Stone Age. These raw materials have certain properties which makes it possible for a toolmaker to control and predict the production of tools by using intentionally chosen methods and techniques. This overview is not complete, but gives a good impression of preferred raw materials in the norwegian Stone Age. The overview seeks to explain why these raw materials were selected for tool production.<br><br />
<br />
Raw material refers to the stone from which debitage, tools etc. are produced. A number of raw materials were used in pre-history, the most common feature of these materials is that they have the property of conchoidal fracture thus enabling the knapper to control the core and produce predictable outcomes of the knapping procedure. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
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== Study methods ==<br />
<br />
''Main article: [[:study methods|Study methods]].'' <br />
<br />
There are various ways of studying and analysing stone tools, including typology, typo-chronology, use-wear analysis, refitting, chaîne opératoire, expert systems, experimental archaeology, and ethnography.<br><br />
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<br><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
List of references and sources of illustrations. <br />
<br />
Note on copyright <br />
<br />
<references />Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flint working. ''Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History'', Number 28. Second Edition. Pocatello, Idaho.<br><br />
<br />
Pelegrin, Jacques 1990 Prehistoric Lithic Technology: Some Aspects of Research. ''Archaeological Review from Cambridge'' 9(1):116-125. <br />
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&nbsp; <br />
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== External links ==</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=134MediaWiki:Sidebar2010-03-16T13:58:41Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<hr />
<div>Introductory text <br />
<br />
Implies hafting <br />
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&nbsp; <br />
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''Axe bibliography from Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:456-468; Bjerck 1983; Ballin 1996; Andersen et al. 1975; Brøgger 1905; Gjerland 1984; A.B. Olsen 1981; Nærøy 1993; Bakka.og Kaland 1971; Gjessing 1945; Ebbesen 1975.<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
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Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The flake axe is made on a disc or a large flake. Some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge is often modified on both sides by edge flaking (see also Flake axe production – Three different levels of skill).'' <br />
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<br><br />
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<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Tools]]<br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Core axes may be made from large flakes or cores.The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Bifacial technique is used to produce core axes. There are many types of core axes.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
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&nbsp; <br />
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Nøstvet axes are core axes made of non-flint raw material (see basalt, diabase, hornfels). The edge is often grounded and the rest of the body of the axe has scars from negative removals. The Nøstvet axes have a triangular cross-section. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Grounded round axes are straight-edged axes with a symmetrical cross-section, either round, oval or triangular. The body of the axe can be straight or narrow towards the edge and neck. The surface of the axe is totally or partly grounded. The edge is grounded. There are many types of grounded round axes.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
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''Pecked round axes are made of non-flint raw material and have a circular cross-section. The neck is blunt and the edge is either blunt or straight. The body of the axe narrows towards the neck and edge. Most of the axe is produced by pecking or crushing. The edge is grounded.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
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Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
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(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
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&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The Vespestad axe is a short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with an oval or irregular cross-section.&nbsp;<br>''&nbsp;<br />
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===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
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Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
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<br><br />
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''A Vestlands axe is a grounded, short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with a rectangular cross-section.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
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===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
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Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The pointed butt axe is a grounded flint axe with a blunt edge and an oval cross-section. The axe is broadest at the edge and narrows towards the butt to a more or less pointed butt.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
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&nbsp; <br />
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''A thin butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section with arching broad –and narrow sides. Most thin butted flint axes are totally grounded except for the butt where traces from flaking are still visible.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
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===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A thick butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section and butt. The axe can be totally grounded or not grounded at all. In some cases the broadest sides are grounded while the narrow sides and the butt are not.'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
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&nbsp; <br />
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''A hollow edged flint axe has an asymmetrically placed edge. In addition, the edge is concave (hollow) on one of the narrow sides.''<br><br />
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===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
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Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A broad-edged flint axe has a rectangular butt and a outwards bent edge.'' <br />
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&nbsp; <br />
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===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Grounded non-flint raw material battle axe. The polygonal axe has a complicated shape with facets and hemispherical butt. There exist many types of polygonal axes and they were probably modeled after middle european copper axes.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
<br>''There are many types of double-sided battle axes. The earliest types have outwards bent edge and butt. The later types has a butt characterised with a comb-like shape around the marked shoulders of the body of the axes.''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
''Boat axes are a type of polished non-flint raw material battle axes with a boat-shape. The boat axes are divided into several types.''<br><br />
<blockquote></blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
<br />
Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
<br />
''Simply shaped and grounded non-flint raw material axe with a shaft-hole.'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=130Axes2010-03-16T13:51:45Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Introductory text <br />
<br />
Implies hafting <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Axe bibliography from Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:456-468; Bjerck 1983; Ballin 1996; Andersen et al. 1975; Brøgger 1905; Gjerland 1984; A.B. Olsen 1981; Nærøy 1993; Bakka.og Kaland 1971; Gjessing 1945; Ebbesen 1975.<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The flake axe is made on a disc or a large flake. Some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge is often modified on both sides by edge flaking (see also Flake axe production – Three different levels of skill).'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Tools]]<br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Core axes may be made from large flakes or cores.The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Bifacial technique is used to produce core axes. There are many types of core axes.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Nøstvet axes are core axes made of non-flint raw material (see basalt, diabase, hornfels). The edge is often grounded and the rest of the body of the axe has scars from negative removals. The Nøstvet axes have a triangular cross-section. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Grounded round axes are straight-edged axes with a symmetrical cross-section, either round, oval or triangular. The body of the axe can be straight or narrow towards the edge and neck. The surface of the axe is totally or partly grounded. The edge is grounded. There are many types of grounded round axes.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Pecked round axes are made of non-flint raw material and have a circular cross-section. The neck is blunt and the edge is either blunt or straight. The body of the axe narrows towards the neck and edge. Most of the axe is produced by pecking or crushing. The edge is grounded.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The Vespestad axe is a short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with an oval or irregular cross-section.&nbsp;<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
[[Category:Mesolithic]]<br />
<br />
===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
''A Vestlands axe is a grounded, short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with a rectangular cross-section.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The pointed butt axe is a grounded flint axe with a blunt edge and an oval cross-section. The axe is broadest at the edge and narrows towards the butt to a more or less pointed butt.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A thin butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section with arching broad –and narrow sides. Most thin butted flint axes are totally grounded except for the butt where traces from flaking are still visible.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A thick butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section and butt. The axe can be totally grounded or not grounded at all. In some cases the broadest sides are grounded while the narrow sides and the butt are not.'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A hollow edged flint axe has an asymmetrically placed edge. In addition, the edge is concave (hollow) on one of the narrow sides.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A broad-edged flint axe has a rectangular butt and a outwards bent edge.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Grounded non-flint raw material battle axe. The polygonal axe has a complicated shape with facets and hemispherical butt. There exist many types of polygonal axes and they were probably modeled after middle european copper axes.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
<br>''There are many types of double-sided battle axes. The earliest types have outwards bent edge and butt. The later types has a butt characterised with a comb-like shape around the marked shoulders of the body of the axes.''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
''Boat axes are a type of polished non-flint raw material battle axes with a boat-shape. The boat axes are divided into several types.''<br><br />
<blockquote></blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
<br />
Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
<br />
''Simply shaped and grounded non-flint raw material axe with a shaft-hole.'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=129Axes2010-03-16T13:51:03Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Introductory text <br />
<br />
Implies hafting <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Axe bibliography from Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:456-468; Bjerck 1983; Ballin 1996; Andersen et al. 1975; Brøgger 1905; Gjerland 1984; A.B. Olsen 1981; Nærøy 1993; Bakka.og Kaland 1971; Gjessing 1945; Ebbesen 1975.<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The flake axe is made on a disc or a large flake. Some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge is often modified on both sides by edge flaking (see also Flake axe production – Three different levels of skill).'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Tools]]<br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Core axes may be made from large flakes or cores.The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Bifacial technique is used to produce core axes. There are many types of core axes.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Nøstvet axes are core axes made of non-flint raw material (see basalt, diabase, hornfels). The edge is often grounded and the rest of the body of the axe has scars from negative removals. The Nøstvet axes have a triangular cross-section. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Grounded round axes are straight-edged axes with a symmetrical cross-section, either round, oval or triangular. The body of the axe can be straight or narrow towards the edge and neck. The surface of the axe is totally or partly grounded. The edge is grounded. There are many types of grounded round axes.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Pecked round axes are made of non-flint raw material and have a circular cross-section. The neck is blunt and the edge is either blunt or straight. The body of the axe narrows towards the neck and edge. Most of the axe is produced by pecking or crushing. The edge is grounded.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The Vespestad axe is a short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with an oval or irregular cross-section.&nbsp;<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
''A Vestlands axe is a grounded, short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with a rectangular cross-section.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''The pointed butt axe is a grounded flint axe with a blunt edge and an oval cross-section. The axe is broadest at the edge and narrows towards the butt to a more or less pointed butt.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A thin butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section with arching broad –and narrow sides. Most thin butted flint axes are totally grounded except for the butt where traces from flaking are still visible.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A thick butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section and butt. The axe can be totally grounded or not grounded at all. In some cases the broadest sides are grounded while the narrow sides and the butt are not.'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A hollow edged flint axe has an asymmetrically placed edge. In addition, the edge is concave (hollow) on one of the narrow sides.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''A broad-edged flint axe has a rectangular butt and a outwards bent edge.'' <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
''Grounded non-flint raw material battle axe. The polygonal axe has a complicated shape with facets and hemispherical butt. There exist many types of polygonal axes and they were probably modeled after middle european copper axes.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
<br>''There are many types of double-sided battle axes. The earliest types have outwards bent edge and butt. The later types has a butt characterised with a comb-like shape around the marked shoulders of the body of the axes.''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
''Boat axes are a type of polished non-flint raw material battle axes with a boat-shape. The boat axes are divided into several types.''<br><br />
<blockquote></blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
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Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
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(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
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''Simply shaped and grounded non-flint raw material axe with a shaft-hole.'' <br />
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= References =<br />
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<references /><br />
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[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Category:Raw_materials&diff=128Category:Raw materials2010-03-16T13:46:34Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>Raw materials - overview</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Category:Raw_materials&diff=127Category:Raw materials2010-03-16T13:46:23Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with 'Rraw materials - overview'</p>
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<div>Rraw materials - overview</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Igneous_raw_materials&diff=126Igneous raw materials2010-03-16T13:45:56Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>Igneous rocks have solidified or crystallized from magma. Some igneous rocks have solidified at great depths in the earth’s crust in large masses and are called intrusive rocks. Other intrusive rocks are formed when magma penetrates into cracks and solidifies in these. During volcanic eruption the magma is forced to the surface and flows as lava over land and sea. The rocks which originate from the deep, but solidifies at the surface are called extrusive igneous rocks. <br />
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Igneous rocks consist, like all rocks, of minerals. For most of the intrusive rocks the mineral grains are visible, and these are described as middle to coarse grained. Granite is an example of an intrusive igneous rock which consists of the minerals quartz, feltspar, plagioclase and biotite. Intrusive igneous rocks solidified in cracks and extrusive igneous rocks are often fine grained because they have crystallized more rapidly. Diabase and basalt are examples of respectively a intrusive igneous rocks solidified in a crack and an extrusive igneous rock (Sigmond 1996:7-12). <br />
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In Norway, igneous rocks are most abundant in the geologically famous “Oslofeltet” which streches through the counties Oslo, Akershus, Vestfold and Buskerud.<br><br />
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''The so-called crust of the Earth is about 35 km thick under the continents but averages only some 7 km beneath the oceans. It is formed mainly of rocks of relatively low density. Beneath the crust there is a layer of denser rock called the mantle which extends down to a depth of nearly 3.000 km. Much of the molten rock material which goes to make up the igneous rocks is generated within the upper parts of the mantle. magma This material, which is called magma, migrates upwards into the Earth's crust and forms rock masses which are known as igneous intrusions. If magma reaches the Earth's surface and flows out over it, it is called lava. Within some lavas, fragments of dense, green-coloured rocks are sometimes found which consists principally of olivine and pyroxene. These fragments are thought to represent pieces of the mantle, carried upwards by the migrating magma.<br>''<br />
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''The overwhelming majority of lavas consist of the black, rather dense rock called basalt, and most eptrologists consider that the primary molten rock material which comes from the mantle has a composition which is near to that of basalt. Although basalt is the most abundant of the lavas, granite is by far the commonest of the intrusive igneous rocks. Granite is mineralogically and chemically different from basalt and for many years geologists have wrestled with the problem of how the two rock types are related. If basalt is assumed to derive from the mantle, is it likely that granite, which is of a quite different composition, could also come from the mantle? Nowadays it is considered that granite may be produced in two ways; either from basalt, or from crustal rocks. When basalt magma starts to crystallize in the upper mantle, or the lower part of the crust, the overall composition of the crystals is not the same as the overall composition of the magma. This means that the liquid part will have a composition different from that of the original magma, and the further the crystallization process goes the greater will be the difference in composition between the liquid and the crystals. If the crystals and the liquid should now be separated by some mechanism, then rocks of two types will result, and each will have a composition different from the original basalt. This process, called differentiation, is capable of producing a great range of rock types, one of which is granite.<br>''<br />
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''The second and perhaps more important way of producing granite is thought to operate within the crust itself. When mountain chains are formed, considerable thickness of crustal rocks are squeezed and thickened, and probably the base of the crust bulges down into the mantle. At the same time large volumes of magma move up into the crust. The effect is to heat the base of the crust to temperatures high enough to melt the rocks, so producing more magma. This new magma, which has the composition of granite, is mobile and moves up into the higher levels of the crust where it cools and solidifies as large granite intrusions, which are found in most mountain belts. These two processes account for the majority of igneous rocks.<br>''<br />
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''The recognition and naming of igneous rocks involves an assessment of grain size and the recognition and estimation of the relative amounts of the constituent minerals. Additional information is obtained from colour index, texture, structure, and sometimes from field relations."<br>''<br />
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''(Hamilton et al 1976, 146-147) ''<br><br />
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== Diabase ==<br />
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Diabase, or dolerite,&nbsp;is an igneous intrusive rock. <br />
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*Appearance: When the diabase is fresh it is black, dark-grey or green. It can also be black and white-spotted. Exposed to erosion diabase can have a dull brownish color. <br />
*Fracture: Conchoidal fracture <br />
*Grain size:&nbsp;Fine-Medium grained <br />
*Properties: Homogenous, robust <br />
*Tools: Work well for axe production, but also for macro tools (large knives/scrapers) <br />
*Source: In Oslofeltet: Oslo, Akershus, Vestfold and Buskerud<br />
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''diabase (dolerite)'' <br />
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''Colour: When fresh it is black, dark-grey or green; may be mottled black and white.'' <br />
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''Grain size: Medium.'' <br />
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''Texture: Occasionally ophitic texture can be distinguished in hand specimen. May be porphyritic. <br>''<br />
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''Structure: Vesicles and amygdales occur. Sometimes has segregations of coarser rock enriched in feldspar. Mineralogy: Phenocrysts comprise olivine (olivine diabase) and/or pyroxene or plagioclase. The groundmass comprises the same minerals with iron oxide, and sometimes with some quartz, hornblende or biotite.'' <br />
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''Field relations: Dykes and sills. These may form swarms of hundreds or perhaps thousands of individual dykes or sills which often radiate from a single volcanic centre." (Hamilton et al 1976, 170)'' <br />
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== <span>Basalt</span> ==<br />
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<span>Basalt is an igneous extrusive rock.</span> <br />
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*Appearance: Fresh basalt is very dark (black/dark-grey), but erosion can make it brown/red. <br />
*Fracture: Conchoidal fracture <br />
*Grain size: Ordinarily the basalt is very fine grained and compact, but sometimes they can be found with bigger crystals in a finer matrix. <br />
*Properties: Relatively homogenous, though, robust <br />
*Tools: Mainly axes <br />
*Source: In Oslofeltet: Oslo, Akershus, Vestfold and Buskerud<br />
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''Colour: When fresh it is black or greyish black; often weathers to a reddish or greenish crust.'' <br />
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''Grain size: Fine.'' <br />
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''Texture: Usually dense with no minerals identifiable in hand specimen; a freshly broken surface is dull in appearance. May be porphyrithic. ''Structure: Often vesicular and/or amygdaloidal. Xenoliths are relatively common and usually consists of olivine and pyroxene; they have a green colour. Columnar jointing is common and often spectacular. <br />
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''Mineralogy: Phenocrysts are usually olivine (green, glassy), pyroxene (black, shiny) or plagioclase (white-grey, tabular). If olivine is present the rock is called olivine basalt. Microscopic examination show the groundmass to consist of plagioclase (usually labradorite), pyroxene, olivine and magnetite, with a wide range of accessory minerals. Amygdales may be filled, or partly filled with zeolites, carbonates or silica, usually in the form of chalcedony or agate.'' <br />
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''Field relations: Lava flows and narrow dykes and sills. The edges of dykes or sills are often finer grained than the centers or even glassy, due to rapid cooling on intrusion. Most basalts occur as lava flows either in volcanoes or as extensive sheets building up a lava plateau, which may cover hundreds of thousands of square kilometres, and may be fed by numerous fissures. The surface forms of lavas are of two principal types; smooth or ropy (the surface looks like a rope) which is known by the Hawaiian term of pahoehoe, and scoriaceous which is rough and clinkery and has the Hawaiian name aa. Another common form is pillow lava which consists of pillows or balloon-like masses of basalt - usually with a very fine-grained or glassy outer layer. They are formed by the eruption of lava into water." (Hamilton et al 1976, 170)'' <br />
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== Rhyolite&nbsp; ==<br />
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*Appearance: The rhyolite often has a light color that vary between white, grey, greenish, reddish or brown. The color can be even or bonded with different shadows. <br />
*Fracture: Conchoidal fracture <br />
*Grain size: Fine grained <br />
*Properties: Homogenous, brittle, elastic, sharp edges, color <br />
*Tools: <br />
*Blades, projectiles, small tools like scrapers, axes and knives<br />
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''Colour: Usually light coloured; white, grey, greenish, reddish or brownish. The colour may be even, or in bands of differing shades.'' <br />
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''Grain size: Fine to very fine.'' <br />
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''Texture: Frequently shows altering layers that differ slightly in granularity or colour. Phenocrysts not uncommon (porphyritic rhyolite). Flow banding is sometimes evident, defined by swirling layers of differing colour or granularity, and by aligned phenocrysts.'' <br />
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''Structure: Vesicles or amygdales may be present. (Pumice is a highly vesicular variety of rhyolite.) May contain spherulites which are spherical bodies, often coalescing, comprising radial aggregates of needles, usually of quartz or feldspar. Spherulites are generally less than 0,5 cm in diameter, but they may reach a meter or more across. They form by very rapid growth in quickly cooling magma, and the crystallization of glass. Mineralogy: As for granite, but rapid cooling results in minute crystals. Phenocrysts of quartz, feldspar, hornblende or mica occur.'' <br />
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''Field relations: Flows, dykes and plugs. Rhyolite (or granite) magma is highly viscous and so flows only very slowly, so that if it is extruded it forms very short, thick flows or is confined as a plug in the throat of a volcano." (Hamilton et al 1976, 164)'' <br />
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== Pumice ==<br />
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Pumice is a type of rhyolite. Due to its porousity and lightness it can float in water and is often found in coastal areas far away from its origin. <br />
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*Appearance: Light to brown with large pores <br />
*Fracture: Undetermined fracture <br />
*Grain size: Coarse grained <br />
*Properties: No properties that make it useful for tool production <br />
*Tools: Used for grinding<br><br />
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<span id="1252600899307E" style="display: none">''A pyroclastic.'' ''Pumice is a highly vesicular variety of rhyolite. Because of its lightness it can float and is often found in coastal sites far from its origin.&nbsp;&nbsp;''</span> <br />
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== Diorite<br> ==<br />
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''Colour: Speckled black and white in hand specimen; occasionally shades of dark green or pink. The dark minerals are more noticeable than in gabbro. Colour index: 40 to 90, but very variable, often over short distances.'' <br />
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''Grain size: Coarse; may be pegmatitic.'' <br />
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''Texture: Equigranular or porphyrithic. In porphyritic varieties the feldspar or hornblende may form phenocrysts. Diorites often vary rapidly in texture; an equigranular variety may grade into a porphyritic one within a few centimeters. They are sometimes foliated due to the roughly parallel arrangement of the minerals.'' <br />
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''Structure: Xenoliths are common. <br>Mineralogy: Essentially plagioclase (oligoclase or andesine) and hornblende; biotite and/or pyroxene may occur. Alkali feldspar and quartz (quartz diorites) may be present, when diorite grades into granodiorite. Common accessory minerals are apatite, sphene and iron oxides.'' <br />
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''Field relations: Forms independent stocks, bosses and dykes, but also comprises local variants of masses of granite, and sometimes gabbro, into which they merge imperceptibly." (Hamilton et al 1976, 158)'' <br />
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== Obsidian ==<br />
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''"Obsidian and pitchstone <br>Colour: Shiny black, also brown or grey. Pitchstones have a dull rather than a shiny lustre.'' <br />
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Grain size: None; the rock is glassy. Texture: Glassy, but obsidian may contain numerous phenocrysts. <br />
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Structure: May be spotted or flow banded and spherulites (see rhyolite) are common. Being a siliceous glass it breaks with a conchoidal fracture and may be fashioned to a sharp cutting edge. It was used for cutting tools by primitive peoples. <br />
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Mineralogy: Essentially a glass. Rare phenocrysts (abundant in pitchstones) of quartz and feldspar. <br>Field relations: Dykes and flows. Commonly associated with rhyolites to which they are chemically equivalent." <br />
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(Hamilton et al 1976, 164)<br><br />
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[[Category:Raw materials]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Denticulates&diff=125Denticulates2010-03-16T13:45:04Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>A denticulate is a side scraper with a serrated edge. Extreme denticulates are made up of a series of interconnecting notches.<br />
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=== Notch ===<br />
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<br>A notch is a side scraper with a short concavity retouched into an edge.This may be achieved by a single blow. <br><br />
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[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=124Points2010-03-16T13:44:24Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>Projectile points are [[:Typology|tools]] that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
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==== &nbsp; ====<br />
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=== Unifacial points ===<br />
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=== Bifacial points ===<br />
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Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
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''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
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== Tanged points ==<br />
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<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
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===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
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Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
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===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
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Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
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===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
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A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
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'''A1 points''' <br />
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are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
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'''A2 points''' <br />
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are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
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'''A2 points''' <br />
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are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
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'''A3 points''' <br />
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are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
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===== '''B points''' =====<br />
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A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
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===== C points =====<br />
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A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
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===== D points =====<br />
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A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30). <br />
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===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
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Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
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===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
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<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
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== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
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===== Single-edged point =====<br />
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Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
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===== Transverse point =====<br />
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Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
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The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
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===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
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Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
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===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
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Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape.&nbsp;These points can have a straight, concave and convex base.<br>&nbsp; <br />
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===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
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Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. These points can have a straight, concave and convex base. <br><br />
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== References ==<br />
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<references /><br />
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[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Piercers_and_borers&diff=123Piercers and borers2010-03-16T13:43:31Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>[[:Typology|Tools]] that have been retouched to a point. Piercers can be made on a flake, blade or a core:<br>There is no real difference between a piercer and a borer- piercers whose retouched part is short tend to be called borers.<br />
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''Borers are tools that have been retouched to a point. Borers can be made on a flake, blade or a core. The size of a borer is dependent on the size of the hole that is being manufactured. Borers can be applied to wood, bone and antler (Bay and Staal 2003:23).''<br />
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==== Piercer on a blade ====<br />
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is a piercer made on a blank that is a blade <br><br />
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==== Piercer on a flake ====<br />
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is a piercer made on a blank that is a flake <br />
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==== Drillbit <br> ====<br />
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A drillbit is a piercer or borer that is short and whose morphology indicates that it could have been hafted and used as a drill. It is relatively easy to detect use-wear on drill bits as they have the diagnostic features of rounded points, which can sometimes be seen by the naked eye, and often striations around the point indicating a rotational motion&nbsp;(Grace 1990<ref name="Grace 1990">Grace, R. 1990 Review of The Interpretative Possibilities of Microwear Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lithic Use-wear Analysis, 15th-17th February 1989 in Uppsala, Sweden. Aun 14. Uppsala. p.9-14</ref>; Unger-Hamilton et al. 1987<ref name="Unger-Hamilton 1987">Unger-Hamilton, R., Grace, R., Miller, R. and Bergman, C. 1987 Drill bits from Abu Salabikh, Iraq. In La Main et L'Outil: Manches et emmanchements prehistoriques. Travaux de la L'Orient. C.N.R.S.</ref>).<br />
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= References =<br />
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[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Scrapers&diff=122Scrapers2010-03-16T13:42:08Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div><blockquote>"Scrapers ... are unifacially retouched tools with a steep, wide-angled edge that is suitable for a number of tasks, including scraping hides, planing wood or bone, and cutting like a knife" (Whittaker 1994:27<ref name="Whittaker 1994">Whittaker, J.C. 1994. Flint knapping: making and understanding stone tools. University of Texas Press, Austin.</ref>) </blockquote><br />
Scrapers are the most common type of [[:Typology|tool]] found from the Middle Palaeolithic onwards. Any tool with scraper retouch on any edge, or combination of edges is a scraper. <br />
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<br>There are two main classes of scrapers: end scrapers and side scrapers<br><br />
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''Scrapers are retouched flakes or blades which are used for scraping materials like hide, bone or wood (Østmo &amp; Hedeager (red) 2005:330; Whittaker 1994:27).''<br />
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''Scrapers are the most common type of tool found from the Middle Palaeolithic (ca 150.000-40.000 BC) onwards.''<br />
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''There are many types of scrapers, for example endscrapers, side scrapers, disc scrapers, double scrapers and spoon-shaped scrapers (Østmo &amp; Hedeager (red) 2005:330).''&nbsp; <br />
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=== End scrapers ===<br />
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<br>Scrapers that are made on the end of a flake or blade. The retouched end may be the proximal end or the distal end, but the vast majority of end scrapers are made on the distal end, as this does not require the removal of the bulb of percussion. End scrapers are further defined by the shape of the retouched end, being either concave, straight or convex. <br />
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When an end scraper has been made on a flake that is wider than it is long, it is sometimes referred to as a ''transverse ''scraper. <br />
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''Scrapers that are made on the end of a flake or blade. The retouched end may be the proximal end or the distal end, but the vast majority of end scrapers are made on the distal end, as this does not require the removal of the bulb of percussion. End scrapers are further defined by the shape of the retouched end, being either concave, straight or convex (Helskog et.al. 1976:34<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., S. Indrelid, and E. Mikkelsen 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).''<br />
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===== Convex end scraper =====<br />
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<br>End scraper which has a retouched end that is convex in form. <br><br />
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===== Transverse scraper =====<br />
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<br>An end scraper made on a flake that is wider than it is long. <br />
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===== <br>Straight end scraper =====<br />
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<br>An end scraper which has a retouched end that is straight in form.<br>If the tool blank is a blade, and the retouch is abrupt retouch rather than scraper retouch it would be called a ''truncated blade''. <br />
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===== Straight end scraper on a flake =====<br />
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<br>An end scraper which has a retouched end that is straight in form, made on a blank that is a flake.<br>If the tool blank is a flake, and the retouch is abrupt retouch rather than scraper retouch it would be called a truncated flake. <br />
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Also see Brézillon 1977:122<ref name="Brezillon 1977">Brézillon, Michel 1977 La Denomination des Objets de Pierre Taillee. IVe Supplement à Gallia Prehistoire. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Paris.</ref>. on types of truncation <br><br />
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===== Concave end scraper<br> =====<br />
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End scraper which has a retouched end that is concave in form. <br />
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===== <br>Concave end scraper on a flake =====<br />
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<br>An end scraper which has a retouched end that is straight in form, made on a blank that is a flake. <br />
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===== Double scraper =====<br />
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Double scrapers are made on flakes and blades and have convex retouch in both the proximal and the distal end (Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:330).<br />
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=== <br>Side scrapers ===<br />
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<br>Scrapers that are made on the side of a flake or blade. The retouched side may be the left edge or the right edge, or even on both in which case it would be called a double side scraper.Side scrapers are further defined by the shape of the retouched edge, being either concave, straight or convex.Side scrapers may be made on blanks that are blades or flakes. <br />
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More categories: double end etc <br />
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=== Spoon-shaped scrapers ===<br />
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Spoon-shaped scrapers are large scrapers with retouched, convex proximal ends. They are dated to the Late Neolithic (Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:330).<br />
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=== Disc scrapers ===<br />
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A disc scraper has a retouched edge that often encircle the entire piece (Østmo &amp; Hedeager (red) 2005:330).<br />
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= References =<br />
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<references /><br />
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[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Category:Tools&diff=121Category:Tools2010-03-16T13:41:16Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with 'Tools - overview'</p>
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<div>Tools - overview</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=120Axes2010-03-16T13:40:34Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div>Introductory text <br />
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Implies hafting <br />
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''Axe bibliography from Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:456-468; Bjerck 1983; Ballin 1996; Andersen et al. 1975; Brøgger 1905; Gjerland 1984; A.B. Olsen 1981; Nærøy 1993; Bakka.og Kaland 1971; Gjessing 1945; Ebbesen 1975.<br>''&nbsp; <br />
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===== Flake axes =====<br />
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Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
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''The flake axe is made on a disc or a large flake. Some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge is often modified on both sides by edge flaking (see also Flake axe production – Three different levels of skill).'' <br />
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===== Core axes =====<br />
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Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
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''Core axes may be made from large flakes or cores.The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Bifacial technique is used to produce core axes. There are many types of core axes.'' <br />
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===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
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En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
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Nøstvet axes are core axes made of non-flint raw material (see basalt, diabase, hornfels). The edge is often grounded and the rest of the body of the axe has scars from negative removals. The Nøstvet axes have a triangular cross-section. <br />
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===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
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Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
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see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
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''Grounded round axes are straight-edged axes with a symmetrical cross-section, either round, oval or triangular. The body of the axe can be straight or narrow towards the edge and neck. The surface of the axe is totally or partly grounded. The edge is grounded. There are many types of grounded round axes.'' <br />
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===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
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Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
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see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
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''Pecked round axes are made of non-flint raw material and have a circular cross-section. The neck is blunt and the edge is either blunt or straight. The body of the axe narrows towards the neck and edge. Most of the axe is produced by pecking or crushing. The edge is grounded.'' <br />
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===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
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Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
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(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
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''The Vespestad axe is a short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with an oval or irregular cross-section.&nbsp;<br>''&nbsp; <br />
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===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
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Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
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''A Vestlands axe is a grounded, short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with a rectangular cross-section.'' <br />
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===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
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Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
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(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
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''The pointed butt axe is a grounded flint axe with a blunt edge and an oval cross-section. The axe is broadest at the edge and narrows towards the butt to a more or less pointed butt.'' <br />
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===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
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Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
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(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
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''A thin butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section with arching broad –and narrow sides. Most thin butted flint axes are totally grounded except for the butt where traces from flaking are still visible.'' <br />
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===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
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Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
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(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
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''A thick butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section and butt. The axe can be totally grounded or not grounded at all. In some cases the broadest sides are grounded while the narrow sides and the butt are not.'' <br />
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===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
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Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
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(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
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''A hollow edged flint axe has an asymmetrically placed edge. In addition, the edge is concave (hollow) on one of the narrow sides.''<br><br />
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===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
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Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
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(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
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''A broad-edged flint axe has a rectangular butt and a outwards bent edge.'' <br />
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===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
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Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
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(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
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''Grounded non-flint raw material battle axe. The polygonal axe has a complicated shape with facets and hemispherical butt. There exist many types of polygonal axes and they were probably modeled after middle european copper axes.''<br><br />
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===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
<br>''There are many types of double-sided battle axes. The earliest types have outwards bent edge and butt. The later types has a butt characterised with a comb-like shape around the marked shoulders of the body of the axes.''&nbsp; <br />
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===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
''Boat axes are a type of polished non-flint raw material battle axes with a boat-shape. The boat axes are divided into several types.''<br><br />
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===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
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Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
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(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
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''Simply shaped and grounded non-flint raw material axe with a shaft-hole.'' <br />
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= References =<br />
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<references /><br />
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[[Category:Tools]]</div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Burins&diff=119Burins2010-03-16T13:39:46Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
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<div><blockquote>A burin is a chisel-like implement derived from a flake or blade; the modification of other implements by using the burin technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins. The specialized flake removed as a result of the burin break is called a burin blade or burin spall (Crabtree 1982:27<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>). </blockquote><br />
A burin is a [[:Typology|tool]] which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. <br />
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A burin spall can be defined as "the part of a flake, blade, or bladelet detached by burin blow technique" (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>). <br />
<blockquote>"The 'sides' of a burin consists of one or more burin facets, that is, flake scars each of which is produced by striking a piece off a flake, blade or bladelet, which may or may not have been prepared to receive this blow. The piece which is struck off is usually long and narrow, and is called the 'burin spall'." (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>) </blockquote><br />
<br>''A burin is a combined tool. It can be used to plane and smooth surfaces of wood, bone and antler in addition to scraping furrows into bone (Bay and Staal 2003:24). A burin is derived from a flake or blade by using the burin blow technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely to create a burin facet. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins.'' <br />
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===== Dihedral burin =====<br />
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A dihedral burin is a burin that is made by two (or more) intersecting burin facets so that a point is formed. <br />
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===== Burin on a break<br> =====<br />
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A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made on to a break surface. Often a blade is broken to provide a platform for the burin blow. <br>burin on a truncation<br><br />
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''A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made approximately perpendicular to the long axis along the edge of the flake or blade (Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:354).'' <br />
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===== Burin on a truncation =====<br />
<br />
A burin on a truncation- similar to a burin on a break except the platform has been retouched i.e. the blank has been truncated by retouch rather than simply broken. <br><br />
<br />
===== Multiple burin<br> =====<br />
<br />
- when a number of burin blows i.e. more than two, have been made at the same place. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[category:Tools]]<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1268746759904_817" /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=118Axes2010-03-03T12:15:30Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Introductory text <br />
<br />
Implies hafting <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Axe bibliography from Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:456-468; Bjerck 1983; Ballin 1996; Andersen et al. 1975; Brøgger 1905; Gjerland 1984; A.B. Olsen 1981; Nærøy 1993; Bakka.og Kaland 1971; Gjessing 1945; Ebbesen 1975.<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''The flake axe is made on a disc or a large flake. Some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge is often modified on both sides by edge flaking (see also Flake axe production – Three different levels of skill).''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Core axes may be made from large flakes or cores.The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Bifacial technique is used to produce core axes. There are many types of core axes.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Nøstvet axes are core axes made of non-flint raw material (see basalt, diabase, hornfels). The edge is often grounded and the rest of the body of the axe has scars from negative removals. The Nøstvet axes have a triangular cross-section.<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Grounded round axes are straight-edged axes with a symmetrical cross-section, either round, oval or triangular. The body of the axe can be straight or narrow towards the edge and neck. The surface of the axe is totally or partly grounded. The edge is grounded. There are many types of grounded round axes.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Pecked round axes are made of non-flint raw material and have a circular cross-section. The neck is blunt and the edge is either blunt or straight. The body of the axe narrows towards the neck and edge. Most of the axe is produced by pecking or crushing. The edge is grounded.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''The Vespestad axe is a short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with an oval or irregular cross-section.&nbsp;<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
''A Vestlands axe is a grounded, short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with a rectangular cross-section.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''The pointed butt axe is a grounded flint axe with a blunt edge and an oval cross-section. The axe is broadest at the edge and narrows towards the butt to a more or less pointed butt.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A thin butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section with arching broad –and narrow sides. Most thin butted flint axes are totally grounded except for the butt where traces from flaking are still visible.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A thick butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section and butt. The axe can be totally grounded or not grounded at all. In some cases the broadest sides are grounded while the narrow sides and the butt are not.''<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A hollow edged flint axe has an asymmetrically placed edge. In addition, the edge is concave (hollow) on one of the narrow sides.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A broad-edged flint axe has a rectangular butt and a outwards bent edge.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Grounded non-flint raw material battle axe. The polygonal axe has a complicated shape with facets and hemispherical butt. There exist many types of polygonal axes and they were probably modeled after middle european copper axes.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
<br />
<br />
''There are many types of double-sided battle axes. The earliest types have outwards bent edge and butt. The later types has a butt characterised with a comb-like shape around the marked shoulders of the body of the axes.''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
''Boat axes are a type of polished non-flint raw material battle axes with a boat-shape. The boat axes are divided into several types.''<br><br />
<blockquote></blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
<br />
Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
<br />
''Simply shaped and grounded non-flint raw material axe with a shaft-hole.''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=117Axes2010-03-03T12:15:06Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Introductory text <br />
<br />
Implies hafting <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Axe bibliography from Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:456-468; Bjerck 1983; Ballin 1996; Andersen et al. 1975; Brøgger 1905; Gjerland 1984; A.B. Olsen 1981; Nærøy 1993; Bakka.og Kaland 1971; Gjessing 1945; Ebbesen 1975.<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''The flake axe is made on a disc or a large flake. Some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge is often modified on both sides by edge flaking (see also Flake axe production – Three different levels of skill).''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Core axes may be made from large flakes or cores.The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Bifacial technique is used to produce core axes. There are many types of core axes.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Nøstvet axes are core axes made of non-flint raw material (see basalt, diabase, hornfels). The edge is often grounded and the rest of the body of the axe has scars from negative removals. The Nøstvet axes have a triangular cross-section.<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Grounded round axes are straight-edged axes with a symmetrical cross-section, either round, oval or triangular. The body of the axe can be straight or narrow towards the edge and neck. The surface of the axe is totally or partly grounded. The edge is grounded. There are many types of grounded round axes.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Pecked round axes are made of non-flint raw material and have a circular cross-section. The neck is blunt and the edge is either blunt or straight. The body of the axe narrows towards the neck and edge. Most of the axe is produced by pecking or crushing. The edge is grounded.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''The Vespestad axe is a short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with an oval or irregular cross-section.&nbsp;<br>''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
''A Vestlands axe is a grounded, short, square-sided cross axe (carpenter’s adze) with a rectangular cross-section.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''The pointed butt axe is a grounded flint axe with a blunt edge and an oval cross-section. The axe is broadest at the edge and narrows towards the butt to a more or less pointed butt.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A thin butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section with arching broad –and narrow sides. Most thin butted flint axes are totally grounded except for the butt where traces from flaking are still visible.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A thick butted flint axe has a rectangular cross-section and butt. The axe can be totally grounded or not grounded at all. In some cases the broadest sides are grounded while the narrow sides and the butt are not.''<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A hollow edged flint axe has an asymmetrically placed edge. In addition, the edge is concave (hollow) on one of the narrow sides.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''A broad-edged flint axe has a rectangular butt and a outwards bent edge.''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
''Grounded non-flint raw material battle axe. The polygonal axe has a complicated shape with facets and hemispherical butt. There exist many types of polygonal axes and they were probably modeled after middle european copper axes.''<br><br />
<br />
===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
<br />
<br />
''There are many types of double-sided battle axes. The earliest types have outwards bent edge and butt. The later types has a butt characterised with a comb-like shape around the marked shoulders of the body of the axes.''&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
''Boat axes are a type of polished non-flint raw material battle axes with a boat-shape. The boat axes are divided into several types.''<br><br />
<blockquote></blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
<br />
Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
<br />
''Simply shaped and grounded non-flint raw material axe with a shaft-hole.''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=116Axes2010-03-03T12:07:29Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Introductory text <br />
<br />
Implies hafting <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Double sided battle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<blockquote>"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br></blockquote><br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote>"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
<br />
Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Axes&diff=115Axes2010-03-03T12:06:03Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with 'Introductory text Implies hafting &nbsp; ===== Flake axes ===== Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Anders…'</p>
<hr />
<div>Introductory text<br />
<br />
Implies hafting<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Flake axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen et al 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>), although not the minimum measure (4 cm). The flake axe is made on a large flake, and some of its original surface must be part of the edge. The edge may be modified on one side by edge flaking (Andersen et al 1975:10<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm</ref>). If both sides of the edge are secondary to the flake, the artifact is classified as a core axe (Bjerck 1983:17<ref name="Bjerck 1983">Bjerck, Hein B. 1983 Kronologisk og geografisk fordeling av mesolittiske element i Vest- og Midt-Norge Magistergradsavhandling i nordisk arkeologi ved Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Core axes =====<br />
<br />
Definition and terminology in accordance with Andersen et al (1975:16-19<ref name="Andersen 1975">Andersen, S., Cullberg, C., Rex, K., og Wigforss, J. 1975 Sorteringsschema för kärn- och skivyksor av flinta. Antikvariskt arkiv 58. Stockholm.</ref>). The surface of most core axes is fully covered by negative removals. Core axes may be made on flakes and have parts of the flakes original surface, but if so, this is not part of the edge of the artifact. In the opposite case the artifact is classified as a flake axe. The edges of core axes must be made by edge removals and/or removals from edge towards the neck. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Nøstvet axes =====<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
En Nøstvetøks er en grovt tilhugget bergartsøks med tverr egg. Den har gjerne et trekantet tverrsnitt. Noen ganger har den ikke bearbeidet på annen måte enn ved tilhugging, men ofte er eggpartiet slipt.<br>see Brøgger 1905<ref name="Brøgger 1905">Brøgger, A.W. 1905 Øxer av Nøstvettypen. Bidrag til kunskapen om ældre norsk stenalder. N.G.U. 42. Kristiania</ref>, Troels-Smith 1937<ref name="Troels-Smith 1937">Troels-Smith, J. 1937 Beile aus dem Mesolithikum Dänemarks.Acta Archaeologica vol. VIII. København</ref><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Slipt trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken butt avrundet eller spiss, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen rett eller smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten helt eller delvis slepet. Spor etter primærtilhogningen synlige i større eller mindre grad. Eggen er slepet.<br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Prikkhugget trinn axe =====<br />
<br />
Bergartsøks med rundt tverrsnitt. Nakken er gjerne butt avrundet, eggen avrundet eller mere rettlinjet, og kroppen smalner av mot nakke og egg. Overflaten viser tydelige spor etter prikkhugging, evt. også lett sliping. Eggen er slepet. <br />
<br />
see Gjerland 1984<ref name="Gjerland 1984">Gjerland, Berit 1984 Bergartsøkser i Vest-Norge. Upublisert magistergradsavhandling, Bergen.</ref> <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vespestad axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergatrsøks med avrundet rektangulært tverrsnitt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjerland 1984) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Vestlands axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt, tverregget bergartsøks med mer eller mindre skarpt rektangulært tverrsnitt.<br>(see Gjerland 1984) <br><br />
<br />
===== Spissnakket axe =====<br />
<br />
Slipt flintøks med avrundet egg og spissovalt tverrsnitt. Bredest ved eggpartiet og smalner av mot en mer eller mindre spiss nakke. <br />
<br />
(see Bakka and Kaland. 1971:10<ref name="Bakka 1971">Bakka, Egil and Peter Emil Kaland 1971 Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches to archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4(2): Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thin butted axe - Tynnakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt, og lett hvelvede bred- og smalsider. De fleste eksemplarer er slepet over det hele, bortsett fra nakken som gjerne er skarp, og der sporene etter tilhuggingen framdeles er synlige. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>) <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Thick butted axe - Tykknakket flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulært tverrsnitt og nakke. Kan være helt uslipt eller slipt over det hele, men ofte er bredsidene slipt mens smalsidene og nakken er uslipt. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
===== Hulegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Tverrøks av flint, der eggen ikke bare er asymetrisk plassert, men også hulslepet, det vil si konkav på den ene smalsiden. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979<ref name="Oldsager 1979">Ukjent 1979 Jeg ser på oldsager Danske Oldsager i Tekst og Billeder. Politikkens forlag.København</ref>)<br><br />
<br />
===== Broad edged axe - Bredegget flintøks =====<br />
<br />
Flintøks med rektangulær nakke og utsvunget eggparti. <br />
<br />
(see Jeg ser på oldsager 1979.)<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Polygonal axe - Mangekantøks =====<br />
<br />
Stridsøks av slipt bergart. Den har en spesielt komplisert utforming med lister og fasetter og en halvkuleformet nakke. Finnes i mange varianter.<br>Antakeligvis laget etter forbilde av mellomeuropeiske kobberøkser. <br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945)<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Double sided ba<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1267617672613_908" />ttle axe - Dobbeltegget stridsøks =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
"I dyssetida hadde det danske bondesamfunn vist at det hadde krefter til både å holde på det okkuperte område av Danmark og til å utvide det. I ganggravstid vokser dette samfunn i styrke både økonomisk og kulturelt. I lykkelig uvitenhet om de kommende stormer - da dønningene fra de store bølgende folkehav på vandring over Europa når opp til Sør-Skandinavia - utviklet det danske bondesamfunn en levestandard og et kulturnivå som med rette har gitt megalittkulturen i ganggravstid navnet "Den yngre Stenalders første store Blomstring i Norden". (Brøndsted 1938<ref name="Brønsted 1938">Brøndsted, J. 1938 Danmark Oldtid I. København.</ref>).<br><br />
</blockquote><br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Boat axe - Båtøks og relaterte former =====<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Jeg har nevnt denne merkantile oppmarsj så utførlig fordi jeg tror den er av grunnleggende betydning for å forstå den avgjørende rolle båtøkskulturen, riktignok på lang sikt, kom til å spille i norsk kulturutvikling. Handel med fangstfolkene i innlandet hadde alt dyssetidsbøndene drevet. Men i tilhøve til den handelsvirksomhet båtøksfolket satte inn, var den for lite å regne. Handelsvirksomheten til båtøksfolket har hatt en veldig aksjonsradius. Den spenner etter hvert over hele Sverige og Norge (strøk av Vestlandet vistnok unntatt) helt til Sør-Varanger og Porsanger, - og mot nordøst strakte den seg til Nord-Finnland. Mer enn halvparten av de båtøkser som er funnet i Nord-Finnland, er betegnende nok av svenske former (Europaeus 1920). På dette vis kom båtøksfolket i en ganske annerledes nær kontakt med fangstfolkene enn megalittbøndene hadde maktet å gjøre det. Selv om en mange steds ikke merker de sørskandinaviske innslag før utover i dolktid og bronsealder eller ennå senere, er det likevel båtøkskulturen som blir den grunnleggende. Det er med den at indoeuropéiseringa av Norge tar til. <br>Etter det antall båtøkser som er funnet i Norge, skulle en ikke tro at båtøkskulturen hadde hatt en sånn dominerende innflytelse. I alt er det funnet bortimot 150 stykker, mens det fra Sverige er kjent mer enn 1300 (Forssander 1933, Åberg 1935). Imidlertid spiller båtøksene sjøl øyensynlig etter måten mindre rolle i den norske båtøkskultur enn i den svenske. Viktigere har tydeligvis øksene uten skafthull vært - tjukknakkete, hulslipte og tverreggede flintøkser, en del mindre flintøkser av ymse former og framfor alt de tjukknakkete steinøkser. Å gi bare noen tilnærmingsvis riktig statistikk over antall og utbredelse av disse former er ikke gjørlig i dag. Det er i hvert fall tydelig at de har spilt en mye større rolle enn en har ment. Derimot er det nok grunn til å tro at utbredelsen av båtøksene gir et tålig godt bilde av bygdene med fast busetting av båtøksfolk. Det henger sammen med at båtøksene likesom de jydske stridsøkser ikke i første rekke har vært bruksvåpen. Når en ser utviklingen av båtøksene over mot den lange , smekre og hyperelegante Vellingetype (Forssander 1933 Bf. 9, fig. 15), er det klart at disse økser ikke kan ha vært tjenelige som våpen. De har sikkerlig i fremste rommet vært verdighetstegn - trolig symbol på det folk eieren tilhørte. Dermed kom båtøksene i langt mindre grad enn de andre økseformer til å bli handelsvare. Ikke desto mindre er det kommet adskillige båtøkser på vandring utafor de egentlige busettingsområder, men det kan være tvilsomt nok om disse båtøkser er vanlig handelsvare. For en stor del kan de være minner etter handelsmenn, som har fartet rundt i ødemarkene på "foretningsreiser" hos fangstfolkene. Slike handelsferder har sjølsagt ikke vært uten risiko i de tider. Det kan vel diskuteres hvem som har vært farligst storvilt, om f.eks. bjørn eller fangs folkene sjøl."<br>(Gjessing 1945:393-395<ref name="Gjessing 1945">Gjessing, Guttorm, 1945 Norges steinalder. Norsk arkeologisk selskap, Oslo.</ref>)<br><br />
</blockquote><br />
===== Plain battle axe - enkel skafthulløks =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Enkelt utformet, slipt bergartsøks med skafthull.<br />
<br />
(see Gjessing 1945.)<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Piercers_and_borers&diff=114Piercers and borers2010-03-03T11:28:26Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with 'Tools that have been retouched to a point. Piercers can be made on a flake, blade or a core:<br>There is no real difference between a piercer and a borer- piercers …'</p>
<hr />
<div>[[:Typology|Tools]] that have been retouched to a point. Piercers can be made on a flake, blade or a core:<br>There is no real difference between a piercer and a borer- piercers whose retouched part is short tend to be called borers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Borers are tools that have been retouched to a point. Borers can be made on a flake, blade or a core. The size of a borer is dependent on the size of the hole that is being manufactured. Borers can be applied to wood, bone and antler (Bay and Staal 2003:23).''<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
==== Piercer on a blade ====<br />
<br />
is a piercer made on a blank that is a blade <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Piercer on a flake ====<br />
<br />
is a piercer made on a blank that is a flake <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Drillbit <br> ====<br />
<br />
A drillbit is a piercer or borer that is short and whose morphology indicates that it could have been hafted and used as a drill. It is relatively easy to detect use-wear on drill bits as they have the diagnostic features of rounded points, which can sometimes be seen by the naked eye, and often striations around the point indicating a rotational motion&nbsp;(Grace 1990<ref name="Grace 1990">Grace, R. 1990 Review of The Interpretative Possibilities of Microwear Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lithic Use-wear Analysis, 15th-17th February 1989 in Uppsala, Sweden. Aun 14. Uppsala. p.9-14</ref>; Unger-Hamilton et al. 1987<ref name="Unger-Hamilton 1987">Unger-Hamilton, R., Grace, R., Miller, R. and Bergman, C. 1987 Drill bits from Abu Salabikh, Iraq. In La Main et L'Outil: Manches et emmanchements prehistoriques. Travaux de la L'Orient. C.N.R.S.</ref>).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Typology&diff=113Typology2010-03-03T11:08:38Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>"Science of classifying stone tools by form, techniques and technological traits. Must include duplication of the technique by first observing the intentional form, then reconstructing or replicating the tool in the exact order of the aboriginal workman. Shows elements of culture. Typology cannot be based on function." (Crabtree 1982:57<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>)</blockquote><blockquote>''Typology is the science of artefact types. The purpose of the typological method is to classify artefacts into groups or series based on similarity in shape, size, technique, decoration/style, use or other special traits. On the basis of this similarity a conclusion can be reached concerning the development and relationship between artefacts (Østmo og Hedeager 2006; Fagen 1996).'' </blockquote><br />
''<br>Below you will find a typological overview of some of the most common lithic tools Stone Age, with special emphasis on Scandinavia tool types. <br>Common typological categories include:'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Choppers and cleavers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Choppers and cleavers|main article]]&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Handaxes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Handaxes|main article]]&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Scrapers <br> =====<br />
<br />
See [[:Scrapers|main article]]&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Projectile points =====<br />
<br />
See [[:Points|main article]] <br />
<br />
===== Denticulates (and notches)<br> =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Denticulates|main article&nbsp;]]<br><br />
<br />
===== Piercers and borers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Piercers and borers|main article]]<br><br />
<br />
===== Burins =====<br />
<br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. See [[:Burins|main article&nbsp;]].<br><br />
<br />
===== Axes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Axes|main article]] <br><br />
<br />
===== Microliths =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Microliths|main article]]<br><br />
<br />
===== Sickles&nbsp; =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Sickles|main article]]<br><br />
<br />
===== Daggers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Daggers|main article]]<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== Other: ===<br />
<br />
*Knapping tools <br />
*Net sinkers <br />
*Amber artefacts<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Typology&diff=112Typology2010-03-03T11:07:41Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>"Science of classifying stone tools by form, techniques and technological traits. Must include duplication of the technique by first observing the intentional form, then reconstructing or replicating the tool in the exact order of the aboriginal workman. Shows elements of culture. Typology cannot be based on function." (Crabtree 1982:57<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>)</blockquote><blockquote>''Typology is the science of artefact types. The purpose of the typological method is to classify artefacts into groups or series based on similarity in shape, size, technique, decoration/style, use or other special traits. On the basis of this similarity a conclusion can be reached concerning the development and relationship between artefacts (Østmo og Hedeager 2006; Fagen 1996).'' </blockquote><br />
''<br>Below you will find a typological overview of some of the most common lithic tools Stone Age, with special emphasis on Scandinavia tool types. <br>Common typological categories include:'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Choppers and cleavers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Choppers and cleavers|main article]]<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Handaxes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Handaxes|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Scrapers <br> =====<br />
<br />
See [[:Scrapers|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Projectile points =====<br />
<br />
See [[:Points|main article]]<br />
<br />
===== Denticulates (and notches)<br> =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Denticulates|main article&nbsp;]]<br><br />
<br />
===== Piercers and borers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Piercers and borers|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Burins =====<br />
<br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. See [[:Burins|main article&nbsp;]]. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Axes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Axes|main article]] <br><br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Microliths =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Microliths|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Sickles&nbsp; =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Sickles|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Daggers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Daggers|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Other: ===<br />
<br />
*Knapping tools <br />
*Net sinkers <br />
*Amber artefacts<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Typology&diff=111Typology2010-03-03T11:07:21Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>"Science of classifying stone tools by form, techniques and technological traits. Must include duplication of the technique by first observing the intentional form, then reconstructing or replicating the tool in the exact order of the aboriginal workman. Shows elements of culture. Typology cannot be based on function." (Crabtree 1982:57<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>)</blockquote><blockquote>''Typology is the science of artefact types. The purpose of the typological method is to classify artefacts into groups or series based on similarity in shape, size, technique, decoration/style, use or other special traits. On the basis of this similarity a conclusion can be reached concerning the development and relationship between artefacts (Østmo og Hedeager 2006; Fagen 1996).'' </blockquote><br />
''<br>Below you will find a typological overview of some of the most common lithic tools Stone Age, with special emphasis on Scandinavia tool types. <br>Common typological categories include:'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Choppers and cleavers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Choppers and cleavers|main article]]<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Handaxes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Handaxes|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Scrapers <br> =====<br />
<br />
See [[:Scrapers|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Projectile points =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Points|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Denticulates (and notches)<br> =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Denticulates|main article&nbsp;]]<br><br />
<br />
===== Piercers and borers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Piercers and borers|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Burins =====<br />
<br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. See [[:Burins|main article&nbsp;]]. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Axes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Axes|main article]] <br><br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Microliths =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Microliths|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Sickles&nbsp; =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Sickles|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Daggers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Daggers|main article]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Other: ===<br />
<br />
*Knapping tools <br />
*Net sinkers <br />
*Amber artefacts<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Typology&diff=110Typology2010-03-03T10:55:09Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>"Science of classifying stone tools by form, techniques and technological traits. Must include duplication of the technique by first observing the intentional form, then reconstructing or replicating the tool in the exact order of the aboriginal workman. Shows elements of culture. Typology cannot be based on function." (Crabtree 1982:57<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>)</blockquote><blockquote>''Typology is the science of artefact types. The purpose of the typological method is to classify artefacts into groups or series based on similarity in shape, size, technique, decoration/style, use or other special traits. On the basis of this similarity a conclusion can be reached concerning the development and relationship between artefacts (Østmo og Hedeager 2006; Fagen 1996).'' </blockquote><br />
''<br>Below you will find a typological overview of some of the most common lithic tools from the Norwegian Stone Age. <br>Common typological categories include:'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Axes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Axes|main article]] <br />
<br />
===== Burins =====<br />
<br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. See [[:Burins|main article&nbsp;]]. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Daggers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Daggers|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Denticulates =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Denticulates|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Handaxes =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Handaxes|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Microliths =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Microliths|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Piercers/Borers =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Piercers and borers|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Projectile points =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Points|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Scrapers =====<br />
<br />
See [[Scrapers|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Sickles&nbsp; =====<br />
<br />
see [[:Sickles|main article]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Other: ===<br />
<br />
*Knapping tools <br />
*Net sinkers <br />
*Amber artefacts<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Typology&diff=109Typology2010-03-03T10:50:43Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>"Science of classifying stone tools by form, techniques and technological traits. Must include duplication of the technique by first observing the intentional form, then reconstructing or replicating the tool in the exact order of the aboriginal workman. Shows elements of culture. Typology cannot be based on function." (Crabtree 1982:57<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>)</blockquote><blockquote>''Typology is the science of artefact types. The purpose of the typological method is to classify artefacts into groups or series based on similarity in shape, size, technique, decoration/style, use or other special traits. On the basis of this similarity a conclusion can be reached concerning the development and relationship between artefacts (Østmo og Hedeager 2006; Fagen 1996).'' </blockquote><br />
''<br>Below you will find a typological overview of some of the most common lithic tools from the Norwegian Stone Age. <br>Common typological categories include:'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Axes see [[:Axes|main article]]<br />
<br />
===== Burin =====<br />
<br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin.see [[:Burins|main article&nbsp;]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Daggers see [[:Daggers|main article]]<br />
<br />
Denticulates see [[:Denticulates|main article]]<br />
<br />
Handaxes see [[:Handaxes|main article]]<br />
<br />
Micro-burins see [[:Micro-burins|main article]]<br />
<br />
Microliths see [[:Microliths|main article]]<br />
<br />
Piercers/Borers see [[:Piercers and borers|main article]]<br />
<br />
Projectile points see [[:Points|main article]]<br />
<br />
Scrapers See [[Scrapers|main article]]<br />
<br />
Sickles see [[:Sickles|main article]]<br />
<br />
Other: <br />
<br />
*Knapping tools <br />
*Net sinkers <br />
*Amber artefacts<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Burins&diff=108Burins2010-03-03T10:44:35Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>A burin is a chisel-like implement derived from a flake or blade; the modification of other implements by using the burin technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins. The specialized flake removed as a result of the burin break is called a burin blade or burin spall (Crabtree 1982:27<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>). </blockquote><br />
A burin is a [[:Typology|tool]] which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. <br />
<br />
A burin spall can be defined as "the part of a flake, blade, or bladelet detached by burin blow technique" (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>). <br />
<blockquote>"The 'sides' of a burin consists of one or more burin facets, that is, flake scars each of which is produced by striking a piece off a flake, blade or bladelet, which may or may not have been prepared to receive this blow. The piece which is struck off is usually long and narrow, and is called the 'burin spall'." (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>) </blockquote><br />
<br>''A burin is a combined tool. It can be used to plane and smooth surfaces of wood, bone and antler in addition to scraping furrows into bone (Bay and Staal 2003:24). A burin is derived from a flake or blade by using the burin blow technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely to create a burin facet. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins.'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Dihedral burin =====<br />
<br />
A dihedral burin is a burin that is made by two (or more) intersecting burin facets so that a point is formed. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Burin on a break<br> =====<br />
<br />
A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made on to a break surface. Often a blade is broken to provide a platform for the burin blow. <br>burin on a truncation<br><br />
<br />
''A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made approximately perpendicular to the long axis along the edge of the flake or blade (Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:354).'' <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Burin on a truncation =====<br />
<br />
A burin on a truncation- similar to a burin on a break except the platform has been retouched i.e. the blank has been truncated by retouch rather than simply broken. <br><br />
<br />
===== Multiple burin<br> =====<br />
<br />
- when a number of burin blows i.e. more than two, have been made at the same place. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Burins&diff=107Burins2010-03-03T10:43:46Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote>A burin is a chisel-like implement derived from a flake or blade; the modification of other implements by using the burin technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins. The specialized flake removed as a result of the burin break is called a burin blade or burin spall (Crabtree 1982:27<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>). </blockquote><br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin. <br />
<br />
A burin spall can be defined as "the part of a flake, blade, or bladelet detached by burin blow technique" (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>). <br />
<blockquote>"The 'sides' of a burin consists of one or more burin facets, that is, flake scars each of which is produced by striking a piece off a flake, blade or bladelet, which may or may not have been prepared to receive this blow. The piece which is struck off is usually long and narrow, and is called the 'burin spall'." (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>) </blockquote><br />
<br />
<br />
''A burin is a combined tool. It can be used to plane and smooth surfaces of wood, bone and antler in addition to scraping furrows into bone (Bay and Staal 2003:24). A burin is derived from a flake or blade by using the burin blow technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely to create a burin facet. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins.''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Dihedral burin =====<br />
<br />
A dihedral burin is a burin that is made by two (or more) intersecting burin facets so that a point is formed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Burin on a break<br> =====<br />
<br />
A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made on to a break surface. Often a blade is broken to provide a platform for the burin blow. <br>burin on a truncation<br><br />
<br />
''A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made approximately perpendicular to the long axis along the edge of the flake or blade (Østmo &amp; Hedeager 2005:354).''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Burin on a truncation =====<br />
<br />
A burin on a truncation- similar to a burin on a break except the platform has been retouched i.e. the blank has been truncated by retouch rather than simply broken. <br><br />
<br />
===== Multiple burin<br> =====<br />
<br />
- when a number of burin blows i.e. more than two, have been made at the same place. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Burins&diff=106Burins2010-03-03T10:39:24Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with '<blockquote> A burin is a chisel-like implement derived from a flake or blade; the modification of other implements by using the burin technique to remove the edges parallel to t…'</p>
<hr />
<div><blockquote><br />
A burin is a chisel-like implement derived from a flake or blade; the modification of other implements by using the burin technique to remove the edges parallel to their long axis and/or transversely or obliquely. Generally forms a right angle edge on one or both margins. The specialized flake removed as a result of the burin break is called a burin blade or burin spall (Crabtree 1982:27<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>).<br />
</blockquote><br />
A burin is a tool which can take many forms but all are made by the burin blow technique. This has been defined as the action of making the ´sides´ of a burin.<br />
<br />
A burin spall can be defined as "the part of a flake, blade, or bladelet detached by burin blow technique" (Tixier 1974:9<ref name="Tixier 1974">Tixier, J. 1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools with Special Reference to the Epipalaeolithic of the Maghreb. English edition, translated by M. Newcomer. Newsletter of Lithic Technology: Special Publication Number 1 - December 1974.</ref>). <br />
<blockquote><br />
"The 'sides' of a burin consists of one or more burin facets, that is, flake scars each of which is produced by striking a piece off a flake, blade or bladelet, which may or may not have been prepared to receive this blow. The piece which is struck off is usually long and narrow, and is called the 'burin spall'." (Tixier 1974:9)<br />
</blockquote><br />
dihedral burin<br>A dihedral burin is a burin that is made by two (or more) intersecting burin facets so that a point is formed. <br />
<br />
burin on a break<br>A burin on a break is a burin where the burin blow was made on to a break surface. Often a blade is broken to provide a platform for the burin blow. <br>burin on a truncation<br>A burin on a truncation- similar to a burin on a break except the platform has been retouched i.e. the blank has been truncated by retouch rather than simply broken. <br>multiple burin<br>- when a number of burin blows i.e. more than two, have been made at the same place. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Microliths&diff=105Microliths2010-03-03T10:35:34Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Microlithic can refer either to lithic technology applied to smaller raw material nodules - for example microblades, or to a set of [[:Typology|tool]] types, which is the focus of this article:&nbsp; <br />
<blockquote>Very small geometric-form tools commonly used in composite tools. Formed from prismatic blades, using the sharp unmodified lateral edges as the cutting edge (Crabtree 1982:43<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>). </blockquote><blockquote><br />
Microliths are very small stone artifacts usually made from sections of small blades. They were too small to be used by themselves and would have been set into wooden or bone handles to make composite tools, some of which have been found (Whittaker 1994:37<ref name="Whittaker 1994">Whittaker, J.C. 1994 Flint knapping: making and understanding stone tools. University of Texas Press, Austin.</ref>).<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br>Microliths are often made on blanks produced by the micro-burin technique. Though microlith is often used for any small retouched tool a more strict definition is that the bulb of percussion was removed i.e. the microlith was made on a section of a blade/bladelet, and that at least two adjacent edges should be retouched. For geometric microliths this means that the shape was deliberately made into a geometric shape. Otherwise naturally tapering blades that are retouched may be classified as triangular microliths, when the triangular shape is merely fortuitous. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<u>Not to be confused with microburins - see article.</u> <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Lanceolate microliths =====<br />
<br />
Lanceolate microliths are microliths retouched to a point, usually with oblique retouch. They are synonymous with 'obliquely blunted points' of the English Mesolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Lunate microliths =====<br />
<br />
Lunate microliths are retouched to a half moon or crescent shape. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Triangular microliths =====<br />
<br />
Triangular microliths are microliths retouched to a triangular shape. They can be sub-divided into scalene and isosceles triangles. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Trapezoid microliths =====<br />
<br />
Trapeze microliths are microliths retouched to a trapeze shape. Not too be confused with <u>transverse points</u>. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Rectangular microliths<br> =====<br />
<br />
Rectangle microliths are microliths retouched to a rectangular shape. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Rhomboid microliths<br> =====<br />
<br />
Rhomboid microliths are microliths retouched to a rhomboid shape. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Microliths&diff=104Microliths2010-03-03T10:33:50Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Microlithic can refer either to lithic technology applied to smaller raw material nodules - for example microblades, or to a set of tool types, which is the focus of this article:&nbsp; <br />
<blockquote>Very small geometric-form tools commonly used in composite tools. Formed from prismatic blades, using the sharp unmodified lateral edges as the cutting edge (Crabtree 1982:43<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>). </blockquote><br />
Microliths are very small stone artifacts usually made from sections of small blades. They were too small to be used by themselves and would have been set into wooden or bone handles to make composite tools, some of which have been found (Whittaker 1994:37<ref name="Whittaker 1994">Whittaker, J.C. 1994 Flint knapping: making and understanding stone tools. University of Texas Press, Austin.</ref>). <br />
<br />
<br>Microliths are often made on blanks produced by the micro-burin technique. Though microlith is often used for any small retouched tool a more strict definition is that the bulb of percussion was removed i.e. the microlith was made on a section of a blade/bladelet, and that at least two adjacent edges should be retouched. For geometric microliths this means that the shape was deliberately made into a geometric shape. Otherwise naturally tapering blades that are retouched may be classified as triangular microliths, when the triangular shape is merely fortuitous. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>Not to be confused with microburins - see article.</u><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Lanceolate microliths =====<br />
<br />
Lanceolate microliths are microliths retouched to a point, usually with oblique retouch. They are synonymous with 'obliquely blunted points' of the English Mesolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Lunate microliths =====<br />
<br />
Lunate microliths are retouched to a half moon or crescent shape. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Triangular microliths =====<br />
<br />
Triangular microliths are microliths retouched to a triangular shape. They can be sub-divided into scalene and isosceles triangles.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Trapezoid microliths =====<br />
<br />
Trapeze microliths are microliths retouched to a trapeze shape. Not too be confused with <u>transverse points</u>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Rectangular microliths<br> =====<br />
<br />
Rectangle microliths are microliths retouched to a rectangular shape.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Rhomboid microliths<br> =====<br />
<br />
Rhomboid microliths are microliths retouched to a rhomboid shape. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Microliths&diff=103Microliths2010-03-03T10:14:24Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with 'Microlithic can refer either to lithic technology applied to smaller raw material nodules - for example microblades, or to a set of tool types, which is the focus of this article…'</p>
<hr />
<div>Microlithic can refer either to lithic technology applied to smaller raw material nodules - for example microblades, or to a set of tool types, which is the focus of this article:&nbsp;<br />
<blockquote><br />
Very small geometric-form tools commonly used in composite tools. Formed from prismatic blades, using the sharp unmodified lateral edges as the cutting edge (Crabtree 1982:43<ref name="Crabtree 1982">Crabtree, Don E. 1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho Museum of Natural History 28.</ref>).<br />
</blockquote><br />
Microliths are very small stone artifacts usually made from sections of small blades. They were too small to be used by themselves and would have been set into wooden or bone handles to make composite tools, some of which have been found (Whittaker 1994:37<ref name="Whittaker 1994">Whittaker, J.C. 1994 Flint knapping: making and understanding stone tools. University of Texas Press, Austin.</ref>). <br />
<br />
<br>Microliths are often made on blanks produced by the micro-burin technique. Though microlith is often used for any small retouched tool a more strict definition is that the bulb of percussion was removed i.e. the microlith was made on a section of a blade/bladelet, and that at least two adjacent edges should be retouched. For geometric microliths this means that the shape was deliberately made into a geometric shape. Otherwise naturally tapering blades that are retouched may be classified as triangular microliths, when the triangular shape is merely fortuitous. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Lanceolate microlith =====<br />
<br />
<br>Lanceolate microliths are microliths retouched to a point, usually with oblique retouch. They are synonymous with 'obliquely blunted points' of the English Mesolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
= References =<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=102Points2010-03-03T10:07:42Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are [[:Typology|tools]] that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
<br />
'''A1 points''' <br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points''' <br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points''' <br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
<br />
'''A3 points''' <br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== '''B points''' =====<br />
<br />
A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== C points =====<br />
<br />
A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== D points =====<br />
<br />
A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30). <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape.&nbsp;These points can have a straight, concave and convex base.<br>&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. These points can have a straight, concave and convex base. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=101Points2010-03-03T10:06:12Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
<br />
'''A1 points''' <br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points''' <br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points''' <br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
<br />
'''A3 points''' <br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== '''B points''' =====<br />
<br />
A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== C points =====<br />
<br />
A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== D points =====<br />
<br />
A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape.&nbsp;These points can have a straight, concave and convex base.<br>&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. These points can have a straight, concave and convex base. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=100Points2010-03-03T10:05:38Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
<br />
'''A1 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
<br />
'''A3 points'''<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
'''B points'''A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== C points =====<br />
<br />
A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== D points =====<br />
<br />
A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape.&nbsp;These points can have a straight, concave and convex base.<br>&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. These points can have a straight, concave and convex base. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=99Points2010-03-03T10:05:26Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
<br />
'''A1 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
<br />
'''A3 points'''<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
'''B points'''A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== C points =====<br />
<br />
A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== D points =====<br />
<br />
A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape.&nbsp;These points can have a straight, concave and convex base.<br>&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. These points can have a straight, concave and convex base. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=98Points2010-03-03T10:04:54Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
<br />
'''A1 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
<br />
'''A3 points'''<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
'''B points'''A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== C points =====<br />
<br />
A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== D points =====<br />
<br />
A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape.&nbsp;These points can have a straight, concave and convex base.<br>&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=97Points2010-03-03T10:03:13Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== '''A-points''' =====<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br><br />
<br />
'''A1 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
'''A2 points'''<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position<br><br />
<br />
'''A3 points'''<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
'''B points'''A B-point is a tanged point with retouched edges and/or partly invasive retouch on the ventral and dorsal side. The retouch does not meet in a ridge in the middle section, but let parts of the surface remain unretouched (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== C points =====<br />
<br />
A C-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section in which the dorsal side it totally retouched and meet in a ridge. The ventral side is retouched too, but not totally (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
===== D points =====<br />
<br />
A D-point is a tanged point with a triangular cross-section totally retouched on both the ventral and the dorsal side (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
===== &nbsp;<br>Other bifacial retouched points with tange =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacially retouched points with tang, but which lacks a marked ridge and barbs (Helskog et al. 1976:30).<br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br>&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=96Points2010-03-03T09:56:40Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape, for example, bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point and bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both (Helskog et al. 1976:30-33). Bifacially retouched points are produced by pressure technique.''<br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== ====<br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br>&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=95Points2010-03-03T09:55:52Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== ====<br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74). <br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br>&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=94Points2010-03-03T09:54:24Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
= Tanged points =<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== ====<br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br>The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=93Points2010-03-03T09:54:08Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== ====<br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br>The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=92Points2010-03-03T09:53:45Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== ====<br />
<br />
== Points without tange <br> ==<br />
<br />
===== Single-edged point =====<br />
<br />
Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25[1]). <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Transverse point =====<br />
<br />
Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br>The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br />
<br />
===== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> =====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
===== Bifacial triangular point =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Bifacial lanceolate point =====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=91Points2010-03-03T09:52:26Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Points without tange ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60&nbsp;% of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang.<br />
<br />
==== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> ====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
==== Bifacial triangular point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Bifacial lanceolate point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=90Points2010-03-03T09:51:14Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Point types ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Tanged points ==<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Ahrensburgian points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ahrensburgian points are small tanged points with a retouched tang in the distal end of a blade. The points are normally obliquely retouched (Vang Petersen 1993). Ahrensburgian points are characteristic of the late paleolithic Ahrensburg culture.<br><br />
<br />
===== Bromme/Lyngby points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bromme-/Lyngby points are large tanged points made on big blades. The tang is manufactured in the proximal end of the blade where the bulb of force often is intact (Vang Petersen 1993). Bromme-/Lyngby points can be interpreted as spear points.<br><br />
<br />
===== A-points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A-points are made on a blade with a retouched tang in the proximal end and a natural point in its distal end. A-points are further grouped into the categories A1-A3 based on the direction of the retouch from the dorsal or ventral side of the point. A-points are normally viewed as Neolithic.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang.<br />
<br />
==== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> ====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
==== Bifacial triangular point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Bifacial lanceolate point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=89Points2010-03-03T09:48:03Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Point types ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The transverse point is made from the ventral side of the blade. The bulb of force is removed and the knapper works his way into the blade until an oblique, convex breakeage occur on both sides. Thus the point is equipped with one broad edge on one of the sides of the blade and a thin shaft end on the other. The point is finally shaped with a pressure flaker, in part by pressure and in part by using the hammerstone as an anvil and the pressure flaker as a hammer. The width of the transverse point should correspond to the witdh of the arrow shaft (Bay og Staal 2003:26-74).<br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Tanged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> ====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
==== Bifacial triangular point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Bifacial lanceolate point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=88Points2010-03-03T09:46:11Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Point types ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Tanged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 =====<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> ====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
==== Bifacial triangular point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Bifacial lanceolate point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=87Points2010-03-03T09:45:55Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: </p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Point types ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Tanged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> ====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
==== Bifacial triangular point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Bifacial lanceolate point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.nohttps://wiki.uio.no/hf/iakh/sarc/index.php?title=Points&diff=86Points2010-03-03T09:45:08Z<p>Sigrist@uio.no: Created page with 'Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br> ==== …'</p>
<hr />
<div>Projectile points are tools that were hafted as points in arrows.<br>There are many types e.g.: single-edged points, transverse points, tanged points, bifacial points.<br><br />
<br />
==== &nbsp; ====<br />
<br />
=== Unifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
=== Bifacial points ===<br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
Bifacially retouched points are projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces, often with invasive retouch covering most of both surfaces. They are divided into types by shape. e.g.. bifacial leaf-shaped point, bifacial triangular point,bifacial lanceolate point. They may be tanged or have barbs, or both, as in a bifacial barbed and tanged point. <br><br />
<br />
== Point types ==<br />
<br />
==== Single-edged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Single-edged points are projectile points that have two retouched edges. The edges are formed by abrupt retouch and are usually modified along one full edge and are diverging from the base to an edge. The shortest retouched edge must be &lt; 60 % of the longest retouched side. (Helskog et al.1976:25<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). <br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Transverse point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Transverse points are projectile points that do not form a point but have a straight or angled "cutting" edge. They are often made from a medial section of a blade or bladelet so that the "cutting" edge is the original edge of the blank. i.e. they are oriented transversely to the axis of percussion.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
==== Tanged point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Tanged points are projectile points that have a tang at one end to facilitate hafting. A tang is made by retouching one, or more usually both edges, in order to create a projection that is thinner than the width of the blank. This projection is then fitted into the arrow shaft.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A1 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points that are made from naturally pointed blade blanks that have no, or little, retouch except for the tang which is created by direct retouch. <br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976. Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>).<br><br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A2 =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are projectile points. They are most common in the production of tangs for projectile points, particularly in the A2 and B types of Neolithic typology (Helskog et al.1976:26<ref name="Helskog 1976">Helskog, K., Indrelid, S., and Mikkelsen, E. 1976 Morfologisk klassifisering av slåtte steinartefakter. Særtykk fra Universitetets Oldsaksamlings årbok 1972-1974.</ref>). Tanged points- A2 have alternate retouch position <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Tanged point - A3 points =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
are simple tanged points made on blades. Only the tang and occasionally the point are retouched. The tang is made by inverse abrupt retouch.<br>A-points are normally attributed to the Early Neolithic. <br />
<br />
&nbsp; <br />
<br />
===== Barbed and tanged point =====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Barbed and tanged points are bifacial projectile points<br>that are retouched on both surfaces with barbs and tang. <br />
<br />
==== <br>Bifacial leaf-shaped point<br> ====<br />
<br />
Bifacial leaf-shaped points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and shaped like a leaf <br><br />
<br />
==== Bifacial triangular point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial triangular points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and triangular in shape. <br><br />
<br />
===== &nbsp; =====<br />
<br />
==== Bifacial lanceolate point ====<br />
<br />
<br>Bifacial lanceolate points are bifacial projectile points that are retouched on both surfaces and lanceolate i.e. elongated leaf shaped. <br />
<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sigrist@uio.no