Difference between revisions of "A few definitions in use in KJM5911"

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#REDIRECT [[Gamma Spectroscopy (NORM and TENORM)]]
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Written and developed by [http://www.mn.uio.no/kjemi/personer/vit/torbjor/index.html Prof. Tor Bjørnstad] (IFE/UiO) 
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<br> back to [[Naturally Occuring Radioactivity - NORM and TENORM]]
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N = &nbsp; number of nuclides<br> D = &nbsp; disintegration rate (Bq, Ci, dimension s-1)<br> A = &nbsp; activity is disintegration rate D per unit of volume or unit of mass (dimension s-1)<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; We distinguish between two notions:<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; As(i) = specific activity is activity per unit of mass of that particular element the actual<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; radionuclide i belongs to. This notion is also used to express the activity of a<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; particular radiolabelled molecule in relation to the total mass of the same molecule<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (labelled and unlabelled) in the sample (for instance when the inactive molecule is present<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; as a carrier).<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; Ac(i) = activity concentration is the activity of a special radionuclide ''i'' or all present<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; radionuclides (AcT = A<sub>c</sub>(∑i) = total activity) per unit of volume or unit of weight of a radioactive<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sample.<br>
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N,D and A may, in addition, have an index t (i.e. N<sub>t</sub>, D<sub>t</sub> and A<sub>t</sub>). This denotes the parameter values at time t relative to a starting time t = 0.<br> R = &nbsp; counting rate (cps, cpm or generally cpt where t should be defined, dimention s<sup>-1</sup>)<br> S = &nbsp; number of counts
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N, D, A, R and S may, in addition, have indexes B = background, T = total or N = net. The relations between them are: R<sub>N</sub> = R<sub>T</sub> - R<sub>B</sub> and S<sub>N</sub> = S<sub>T</sub> - S<sub>B</sub>. Other indexes may also be used, for instance S<sub>Cr-51</sub> in order to separate from S<sub>Fe-59</sub>.
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===== Examples:  =====
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We consider the following three samples:<br>P1: 1 kg pure iron (Fe). This sample contains10kBq of the radionuclide <sup>59</sup>Fe.
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P2: 1 kg steel consisting of 70 weight% iron and 10 weight% of each of the elements Cr, Ni and Mo. The sample contains 10 kBq of <sup>59</sup>Fe and 10 kBq of <sup>51</sup>Cr.
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P3: A 1L aqueous solution with 100 g dissolved FeCl<sub>3</sub> and 100 g dissolved CrCl<sub>3</sub>. This corresponds to 35 g dissolved Fe and 31.6 g dissolved Cr. The solution contains 10kBq <sup>51</sup>Cr and 10 kBq <sup>59</sup>Fe.
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For sample P1 we then have:<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; As(<sup>59</sup>Fe) = 10 kBq/kg Fe<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ac(<sup>59</sup>Fe) = 10 kBq/kg sample
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For sample P2:<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<sub>s</sub>(<sup>59</sup>Fe) = 10 kBq/0.7kg = 14.3 kBq/kg Fe<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<sub>s</sub>(<sup>51</sup>Cr) = 10 kBq/0.1kg = 100 kBq/kg Cr<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<sub>c</sub>(<sup>59</sup>Fe) = 10 kBq/kg sample<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<sub>c</sub>(<sup>51</sup>Cr) = 10 kBq/kg sample<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<sub>cT</sub> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = 20 kBq/kg sample<br>
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For sample P3:<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; As(<sup>59</sup>Fe) = 10 kBq/0.035 kg Fe = 285.7 kBq/kg Fe<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; As(<sup>51</sup>Cr) = 10 kBq/0.0316 kg Cr = 216.5 kBq/kg Cr<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ac(<sup>59</sup>Fe) = 10 kBq/1.2 kg sample = 8.33 kBq/kg sample and/or 10kBq/l sample.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ac(<sup>51</sup>Cr) = 10 kBq/1.2 kg sample = 8.33 kBq/kg sample and/or 10kBq/l sample<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; AcT &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= 20 kBq/1.2 kg sample = 16.66 kBq/kg sample and/or 20 kBq/l sample.
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Indexes may be omitted when the meaning of the parameters cannot be misunderstood.<br><br>
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[[Category:Natural_activity]] [[Category:Laboratory_exercise]] [[Category:Master]]

Latest revision as of 10:48, 9 July 2012

Written and developed by Prof. Tor Bjørnstad (IFE/UiO) 


back to Naturally Occuring Radioactivity - NORM and TENORM

N =   number of nuclides
D =   disintegration rate (Bq, Ci, dimension s-1)
A =   activity is disintegration rate D per unit of volume or unit of mass (dimension s-1)
    We distinguish between two notions:
    As(i) = specific activity is activity per unit of mass of that particular element the actual
      radionuclide i belongs to. This notion is also used to express the activity of a
      particular radiolabelled molecule in relation to the total mass of the same molecule
      (labelled and unlabelled) in the sample (for instance when the inactive molecule is present
      as a carrier).
    Ac(i) = activity concentration is the activity of a special radionuclide i or all present
      radionuclides (AcT = Ac(∑i) = total activity) per unit of volume or unit of weight of a radioactive
      sample.

N,D and A may, in addition, have an index t (i.e. Nt, Dt and At). This denotes the parameter values at time t relative to a starting time t = 0.
R =   counting rate (cps, cpm or generally cpt where t should be defined, dimention s-1)
S =   number of counts

N, D, A, R and S may, in addition, have indexes B = background, T = total or N = net. The relations between them are: RN = RT - RB and SN = ST - SB. Other indexes may also be used, for instance SCr-51 in order to separate from SFe-59.

Examples:

We consider the following three samples:
P1: 1 kg pure iron (Fe). This sample contains10kBq of the radionuclide 59Fe.

P2: 1 kg steel consisting of 70 weight% iron and 10 weight% of each of the elements Cr, Ni and Mo. The sample contains 10 kBq of 59Fe and 10 kBq of 51Cr.

P3: A 1L aqueous solution with 100 g dissolved FeCl3 and 100 g dissolved CrCl3. This corresponds to 35 g dissolved Fe and 31.6 g dissolved Cr. The solution contains 10kBq 51Cr and 10 kBq 59Fe.

For sample P1 we then have:
      As(59Fe) = 10 kBq/kg Fe
      Ac(59Fe) = 10 kBq/kg sample

For sample P2:
      As(59Fe) = 10 kBq/0.7kg = 14.3 kBq/kg Fe
      As(51Cr) = 10 kBq/0.1kg = 100 kBq/kg Cr
      Ac(59Fe) = 10 kBq/kg sample
      Ac(51Cr) = 10 kBq/kg sample
      AcT         = 20 kBq/kg sample

For sample P3:
      As(59Fe) = 10 kBq/0.035 kg Fe = 285.7 kBq/kg Fe
      As(51Cr) = 10 kBq/0.0316 kg Cr = 216.5 kBq/kg Cr
      Ac(59Fe) = 10 kBq/1.2 kg sample = 8.33 kBq/kg sample and/or 10kBq/l sample.
      Ac(51Cr) = 10 kBq/1.2 kg sample = 8.33 kBq/kg sample and/or 10kBq/l sample
      AcT          = 20 kBq/1.2 kg sample = 16.66 kBq/kg sample and/or 20 kBq/l sample.

Indexes may be omitted when the meaning of the parameters cannot be misunderstood.