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= Mass, Binding Energy and the Liquid Drop Model<br> = | = Mass, Binding Energy and the Liquid Drop Model<br> = | ||
Revision as of 17:06, 25 June 2012
Mass, Binding Energy and the Liquid Drop Model
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1:
- Mass excess is given by Δ<span class="texhtml" />M(Z,A) = M(Z,A)-A. The masses can therefore be found with M(Z,A) =ΔM (Z,A ) + A by using 1 u = 931.5 MeV we get:
M(n) = 1.008665 u
M(1H) = 1.007825 u
M(4He) = 4.002603 u
M(56Fe) = 55.934938 u
M(142Ce) = 141.909197 u
M(238U) = 238.050788 u
- The most stable nuclei is 56Fe. It has the highest binding energy compared to the number of nucleons.
- 1.00 kg 2H is 496.5 mol by fusion 248,2 mol 4He is created which is 993.6 g. The difference in mass is equal to the energy 1000 g-993.6 g = 6.36 g. The energy is then 5.7 1014 J, 3.56 1027 MeV or 1.59 108 kWh.
- 1.00 kg 233U fission to 92Rb, 138Cs and three neutrons. The mass difference is 0.785 g. Which gives 7.1 1013 J, 4.40 1026 MeV or 1.96 107 kWh.
- The energy from the fission is distributed in different ways: most of it goes to the kinetic energy of for the fission products. Other parts goes to the kinetic energy of the neutrinos and the neutrons, and some of it goes to “prompt” gamma-rays and beta/gamma rays from the fission products.
2:
binding energy B per nucleon:
It is 0.00868 u per nucleon
and 8.26 MeV per nucleon
3:
1.6
4:
- mn = 1.67 10-27kg
- me = 9.11
10-31kg - m"u" = 1.66
5:
- 8.55 MeV/nucleon.
- 8.79 MeV/nucleon.
- 7.86 MeV/nucleon.
6:
The energy
M(235U) - (M(131Xe + M(101Ru) + 3M(n)) =
(ΔM(235U) + 235) - (Δ(131Xe) + 131) - (ΔM(101Ru) + 101) - 3(ΔM(m) + 1)
= ΔM(235U) - ΔM(131Xe) - ΔM(101Ru) - 3ΔM(n)
=40.916 + 88.421 + 87.952 - 3 8.071 = 193.08 MeV
7:
Energy usage per 10 km:
1 L = 700 g. Mm(C8H18) = 114 g/mol, this means that 700 g is 6.14 mol.
6.14 mol
1 g 235U=4.25
If all of the atoms fission and assuming 100% efficiency this will give 5.12
8:
ΔG = ΔGproduct - ΔGreactant= - 237 kJ/mol. Which means that for each H2O molecule it is generated 237kJ/NA = 2.456 10-6MeV. Comparing to 0.0303 u = 23.2 MeV released by fusion to helium. We see that the nuclear reactions functions on a scale 106 times bigger than chemical.
9:
Fusion of 2H gives 5.75
10:
In this problem it is useful to keep in mind the binding energy equation:
Most isobars (A= constant, Z varies) will have binding energy when plotted as a function of Z creating a parable. The last part of the equation in the formula for binding energy delta expresses the energy gained when the proton and/or the neutron are in a couple. A nucleus with a even amount of both will have a positive δ, higher binding energy, a unpaired nucleus either proton or neutron will have a δ of zero, a nucleus with a unpaired neutron and proton will have a negative δ. Therefore for odd-nuclei the binding energy is independent of which nucleon is unpaired. The binding energy as a function of z will have a minimum value for a certain stable nucleus. For even nuclei with a given A value they will have a even-even, or a odd-odd configuration when Z varies. This will create two curves where the odd-odd nuclei will have a lower binding energy than the even-even nuclei. Odd-odd nuclei will therefore have more possibilities when decaying to a level with higher binding energy, either with a β- decay or a β+ decay. Both of these mechanisms will lead to a more stable nucleus.
11:
answered above