Difference between revisions of "Primordial Radionuclides"

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(Created page with "<br> Primordial radionuclides are left-over from when the world and the universe were created. They are typically long-lived, with half-lives often on the order of hundreds of m...")
 
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Primordial radionuclides are left-over from when the world and the universe were created. They are typically long-lived, with half-lives often on the order of hundreds of millions of years. Radionuclides that exist for more than 30 half-lives are not measurable. The progeny or decay products of the long-lived radionuclides are also under this heading. Here is some basic information on some common primordial radionuclides:<br>
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Primordial radionuclides are left-over from when the world and the universe were created. They are typically long-lived, with half-lives often on the order of hundreds of millions of years. Radionuclides that exist for more than 30 half-lives are not measurable. The progeny or decay products of the long-lived radionuclides are also under this heading. Here is some basic information on some common primordial radionuclides:<br>  
  
 
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| align="center" colspan="4" | Primordial nuclides<br>
 
| align="center" colspan="4" | Primordial nuclides<br>
 
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|-
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| Nuclide&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
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| Nuclide&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>  
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| Symbol<br>
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| Symbol<br>  
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| Half-life&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
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| Half-life&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>  
 
| Natural Activity<br>
 
| Natural Activity<br>
 
|-
 
|-
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| Uranium 235<br>
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| Uranium 235<br>  
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| <sup>235</sup>U<br>
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| <sup>235</sup>U<br>  
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| 7.04 x 108 a<br>
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| 7.04 x 108 a<br>  
 
| 0.72% of all natural uranium <br>
 
| 0.72% of all natural uranium <br>
 
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|-
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| Uranium 238<br>
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| Uranium 238<br>  
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| <sup>238</sup>U<br>
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| <sup>238</sup>U<br>  
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| 4.47 x 109 a<br>
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| 4.47 x 109 a<br>  
 
| 99.2745% of all natural uranium; 0.5 to 4.7 ppm total uranium in the common rock types<br>
 
| 99.2745% of all natural uranium; 0.5 to 4.7 ppm total uranium in the common rock types<br>
 
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|-
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| Thorium 232<br>
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| Thorium 232<br>  
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| <sup>232</sup>Th<br>
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| <sup>232</sup>Th<br>  
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| 1.41 x 10<sup>10</sup> a<br>
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| 1.41 x 10<sup>10</sup> a<br>  
 
| 1.6 to 20 ppm in the common rock types with a crustal average of 10.7 ppm <br>
 
| 1.6 to 20 ppm in the common rock types with a crustal average of 10.7 ppm <br>
 
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|-
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| Radium 226<br>
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| Radium 226<br>  
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| <sup>226</sup>Ra<br>
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| <sup>226</sup>Ra<br>  
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| 1.60 x 10<sup>3</sup> a<br>
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| 1.60 x 10<sup>3</sup> a<br>  
 
| 0.42 pCi/g (16 Bq/kg) in limestone and 1.3 pCi/g (48 Bq/kg) in igneous rock <br>
 
| 0.42 pCi/g (16 Bq/kg) in limestone and 1.3 pCi/g (48 Bq/kg) in igneous rock <br>
 
|-
 
|-
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| Radon 222<br>
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| Radon 222<br>  
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| <sup>222</sup>Rn<br>
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| <sup>222</sup>Rn<br>  
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| 3.82 days<br>
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| 3.82 days<br>  
 
| Noble Gas; annual average outdoor air concentrations range in the US from 0.016 pCi/L (0.6 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) to 0.75 pCi/L (28 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) <br>
 
| Noble Gas; annual average outdoor air concentrations range in the US from 0.016 pCi/L (0.6 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) to 0.75 pCi/L (28 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) <br>
 
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|-
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| Potassium 40<br>
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| Potassium 40<br>  
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| <sup>40</sup>K<br>
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| <sup>40</sup>K<br>  
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| 1.28 x 10<sup>9</sup> a<br>
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| 1.28 x 10<sup>9</sup> a<br>  
 
| Soil - 1-30 pCi/g (0.037-1.1 Bq/g) <br>
 
| Soil - 1-30 pCi/g (0.037-1.1 Bq/g) <br>
 
|}
 
|}
  
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<br>  
  
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Some nuclides like <sup>232</sup>Th have several members in its decay chain. You can roughly follow the chain starting with <sup>232</sup>Th:<br>
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Some nuclides like <sup>232</sup>Th have several members in its decay chain. You can roughly follow the chain starting with <sup>232</sup>Th:<br>  
  
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<math>^{232}Th \rightarrow ^{228}Ac \rightarrow 224Ra \rightarrow 220Rn \rightarrow 216Po \rightarrow 212Pb \rightarrow 212Bi \rightarrow 212Po \rightarrow 208Pb(stable)</math><br>
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232Th<math>\rightarrow</math><br>  
  
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or starting with <sup>238</sup>U:<br>
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or starting with <sup>238</sup>U:<br>  
  
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<math>238U \rightarrow 234Th \rightarrow 234mPa \rightarrow 234U \rightarrow 230Th \rightarrow 226Ra \rightarrow 222Rn \rightarrow 218Po \rightarrow 210Pb \rightarrow 210Bi \rightarrow 210Po \rightarrow 206Pb(stable)</math><br>
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<br>  
  
 
Some other primordial radionuclides are <sup>50</sup>V, <sup>87</sup>Rb, <sup>113</sup>Cd, <sup>115</sup>In, <sup>123</sup>Te, <sup>138</sup>La, <sup>142</sup>Ce, <sup>144</sup>Nd, <sup>147</sup>Sm, <sup>152</sup>Gd, <sup>174</sup>Hf, <sup>176</sup>Lu, <sup>187</sup>Re, <sup>190</sup>Pt, <sup>192</sup>Pt, <sup>209</sup>Bi.<br>
 
Some other primordial radionuclides are <sup>50</sup>V, <sup>87</sup>Rb, <sup>113</sup>Cd, <sup>115</sup>In, <sup>123</sup>Te, <sup>138</sup>La, <sup>142</sup>Ce, <sup>144</sup>Nd, <sup>147</sup>Sm, <sup>152</sup>Gd, <sup>174</sup>Hf, <sup>176</sup>Lu, <sup>187</sup>Re, <sup>190</sup>Pt, <sup>192</sup>Pt, <sup>209</sup>Bi.<br>

Revision as of 11:10, 20 June 2012


Primordial radionuclides are left-over from when the world and the universe were created. They are typically long-lived, with half-lives often on the order of hundreds of millions of years. Radionuclides that exist for more than 30 half-lives are not measurable. The progeny or decay products of the long-lived radionuclides are also under this heading. Here is some basic information on some common primordial radionuclides:

Primordial nuclides
Nuclide          
Symbol
 Half-life             
Natural Activity
Uranium 235
 235U
 7.04 x 108 a
 0.72% of all natural uranium
Uranium 238
 238U
 4.47 x 109 a
 99.2745% of all natural uranium; 0.5 to 4.7 ppm total uranium in the common rock types
Thorium 232
 232Th
 1.41 x 1010 a
 1.6 to 20 ppm in the common rock types with a crustal average of 10.7 ppm
Radium 226
 226Ra
 1.60 x 103 a
 0.42 pCi/g (16 Bq/kg) in limestone and 1.3 pCi/g (48 Bq/kg) in igneous rock
Radon 222
 222Rn
 3.82 days
 Noble Gas; annual average outdoor air concentrations range in the US from 0.016 pCi/L (0.6 Bq/m3) to 0.75 pCi/L (28 Bq/m3)
Potassium 40
 40K
 1.28 x 109 a
 Soil - 1-30 pCi/g (0.037-1.1 Bq/g)


Some nuclides like 232Th have several members in its decay chain. You can roughly follow the chain starting with 232Th:

232Th[math]\rightarrow[/math]

or starting with 238U:


Some other primordial radionuclides are 50V, 87Rb, 113Cd, 115In, 123Te, 138La, 142Ce, 144Nd, 147Sm, 152Gd, 174Hf, 176Lu, 187Re, 190Pt, 192Pt, 209Bi.

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