Noma/spa/Libcono
Innhold
El Libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos (ca. 1375-1400)
En anonym reisebeskrivelse fra slutten av 1300-tallet som sannsynligvis er fiktiv; en slags "geografisk roman" ikke ulik John Mandevilles reiser. Likevel er teksten basert på samtidens geografiske kunnskaper, kanskje inspirert av et portolankart eller mappamundi. Skriftet ble på 1400-tallet likevel sett på som troverdig og brukt som en autoritet på geografi, blant annet av Jean de Béthencourt som ledet ekspedisjonen til Kanariøyene i 1402. Også et kart fra rundt 1450 viser spor av bruk fra skriftet. Håndskriftene viser også heraldiske våpen, inkludert et for Norge som viser en løve.
En hovedkilde kan ha vært et kart laget av samme skole som det berømte katalanske atlasfra Mallorca (1375).
Tekst
Partime del rreyno de Frisa et entré luego en el rreyno de Daçia de Danes, el qual e todo çercado del Mar de Alemaña, et del otro cabo lo çerca el Golfo de Frisa de manera que todo este rreyno non a mas de una entrada sola. En el qual rreyno son doze çibdades grandes. A la mayor dizen Burbena, et en esta coronan los rreyes de Daçia. A la otra dizen Burgalensis, a la otra que dizen Bina, otra que dizen Abenbrut, otra que dizen Tandeus, otra que dizen Artuz, otra Orens, otra Ardonxep, otra Damesmare, otra Corp, otra Dandora, otra Dasia, otra Bonia. Et desta punta Daçia fasta Noruega son sesenta millas de traviesa. (s. 10, 12)
Et a este rrio dizen Nu et entra en el Mar de Alemaña, a do se acaba el golfo porque el Mar de Alemaña es golfo que entra del Mar Oçidental fasta la provinçia de Palonia et pasa entre Alemaña et las sierras de Noruega et acaba en la provinçia de Palonia. (s. 14)
Party de Gotlandia et tornéme para Gotia, una provinçia que es entre Suevia et Noruega, et fallé y tres çibdades grandes. La primera dizen Estocol, a la otra Calman, a la otra Surdepinche. Et apres desta çibdat Estocol faze el Mar de Alemaña un grand golfo rribera del qual son muchas çibdades. Et el mar deste golfo es toda quajada et elada de los muy grandes frios de la trasmontana. Et las gentes desta Gotia conquirieron a España et fueron señores della muy grand tienpo. [...]
Party de Gotia et sobi a la altas sierras de Noruega, que es en un rreinado muy fuerte en que son quatro çibdades grandes. A la mayor dizen Regis, do coronan los rreyes. A la otra dizen Nidroxia, a la otra Tronde, a la otra Trimberet. En las montañas desta Noruega crian muchas aves girifaltes, açores, falcones. Otrosi crian muchas anamalias fuertes, javalis blancos, osos blancos. Et dizen que un infante fijo del Rey de Noruega conquyrio el condado de Flandes en tienpo del rrey Artur de Bretaña. Et sabed que de Noruega adelante contra la trasmonata es tierra desabitada en que faze el año todo un dia et una noche, seys meses dura el dia et otros seys meses la noche, et que ay unas gentes que an las cabeças fixas en los pechos, / que non an cuellos ninguno, pero yo non las vy. El rrey desta Noruega a por señales un pendon de oro con un leon prieto segund aquy se sigue.
Parti de Noruega en una nao de ingleses et tomamos camino contra el poniente, et venimos a una isla que dizen Insola Cola, et dende venimos a otra isla que dizen Lister, et dene venimos a otra que dizen Insola Bondola, et dende venimos a otra isla muy grande que dizen Ynsula Salanda, et fázese a la entrada del Golfo de Frisa que ya conté de suso. (s. 16, 18)
E parti de Suevia et torné me a la rribera del mar a una çibdad que dizen Sordepinche, e de si a otra que dizen Calman, e de si a otra que dizen Estocol, et a otra que dizen Sormençes, e otra que dizen Ystat, et a otra que dizen Londis que confina con la Noruega. (s. 106)
Oversettelse
I left the Kingdom of Frisa and then entered the Kingdom of Daçia de Danes, which is entirely surrounded by the Sea of Alemaña, and on the other end is the Gulf of Frisa, so that this kingdom has no more than one entrance. In this kingdom there are twelve great cities. The largest they call Burbena [Viborg?], and it they crown the kings of Daçia. The other they call Burgalensis [Bornholm?], and they call the other Bina [Ribe?], another they call Abenbrut [Åbenrå?], another they call Tandeus [Randers?], another they call Artuz [Århus?], another Orens [Odense?], another Ardonxep [Haderslev?], another Danesmare [misforståelse av Danes Mare, danske sjøer?], another Corp [Gotorp?], another Dandora [Tønder?], another Dasia ["Danmark"?], another Bonia [eg. Dania?]. And from this point from Daçia to Noruega [Norge] there is a crossing of sixty miles. (s. 11, 13)
They call this river Nu [Nogat?], and it enters the Great Sea where the gulf ends, because the Sea of Alemaña is a gulf that enters the Western Sea near the province of Palonia, and passes between Alemaña and the sierras of Noruega, and ends in the province of Palonia. (s. 15)
I departed Gotlandia and went to Gotia, a province that is between Suevia and Noruega, and there I found three great cities. They call the first Estocol [Stockholm?], the other Calman [Kalmar?], and the other Surdepinche [Söderköping?]. And beyond the city of Estocol the Sea of Alemaña forms a great gulf on the shores of which there are many cities. And the water of this gulf is completely immobilized and frozen because of the great cold of the north. And the people of this Gotia conquered Spain and were lords of it for a long time...
I departed Gotia and ascended the high sierras of Noruega, which is in a very important kingdom in which there are four great cities. The largest they call Regis, where they crown their kings. They call the other Nidrozia, the other Tronde, and the other Trimberet. In the mountains of this Noruega they raise many gerfalcons, hawks and falcons They also raise many wild animals, white boars, white bears. And they say that a son of the king of Noruega conquered the County of Flandes in the time of Kign Arthur of Bretaña. Know that from Noruega onward toward the north the land is uninhabited, and the year is all one day and one night, the day lasting six months and the night the other six months, and there are some people whose heads are attached to their shoulders, who do not have necks at all, but I did not see them. The King of this Noruega has as his insignia a gold flag with a black lion, as follows. [XVIII]
I left Noruega in a ship of Englishmen and we took a course to the west and came to an island they call Insola Cola, from which we arrived at another island they call Lister, from which we came to another they call Insola Bondola, from which we came to another very large island they call Ynsula Salanda, and it is found at the entrance to the Gulf of Frisa which I already mentioned above. (s. 17, 19)
Litteratur
El Libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos (The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms), edition, translation, and study by Nancy F. Marino, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies ; 198 (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1999).
